环境行政执法存在的问题及应对措施

环境保护执法不到位、行政不作为、执法难、执法软等现象,不仅损害了环境法律的严肃性和环保部门的形象,在一定程度上纵容了环境违法行为,地方保护主义等因素的存在,又使环境执法难成为各地的普遍存在的问题。因此环保部门应尽快制定措施,完善法规、健全机制、强化执法力量、加大宣传力度。     

浅析振动环境中典型电子产品的损伤规律

在分析电子装备结构特点及冲击振动环境影响因素基础上,阐述了电子产品在振动环境中的损伤机理与模式,以某型雷达装备为试验对象,选取该装备某型组合体与电路板进行冲击振动与扫频振动试验,分析了电子产品在振动环境中损伤的一般规律。试验表明:电子产品在振动环境中的损伤不仅与振动类型及幅值有关,也与其自身结构有着密切的关系。     

选矿废水中醚胺的某些环境化学特性研究

通过降解,吸附及土柱淋滤试验等手段,对选矿废水中醚胺的降解规律,降解能力,吸附能力,分配特征以及在土壤中的垂直迁移规律等环境化学特性进行了试验研究。结果表明：（１）醚胺在水体中的降解规律服从一级生物化学反应方程ｃ－ｃｏｅｓｐ（－Ｋｔ）,温度和ｐＨ值是影响降解系数Ｋ的两个主要因素;（２）土壤对醚胺的吸率在９２％以上,吸附方程为ｑ＝５．３３５＋６３．３ｇｃ;（３）醚胺在土壤中的垂直迁移规律为ｃ＝ａｅｘ     

稳定塘污泥降解的静态模拟研究

通过人工控制下的实验室内静态模拟,研究了稳定塘污泥降解过程中的pH值变化趋势?有机物浓度?淤积时间?温度对污泥降解速率的影响以及污泥降解的数学模型?结果表明:污泥降解过程的pH值先降低?后回升,继而趋于稳定;有机物浓度对污泥降解速率无影响,污泥降解速率与降解时间的关系为r∝t-α;温度对降解速率常数的影响符合Arhenius指数关系式;实验室内的污泥降解符合零级反应规律?      

矿化垃圾对剩余污泥厌氧水解、酸化的影响

通过向剩余污泥发酵系统中加入不同剂量的矿化垃圾的方法,探究了矿化垃圾对剩余污泥厌氧水解、酸化过程的影响.结果表明,添加1/3g/g TSS(总悬浮固体)剂量以内的矿化垃圾能显著提高WAS的水解、酸化过程,且矿化垃圾的最佳投加量为1/3g/g TSS,在此条件下,试验组SCOD/TCOD以及最大产酸量(183.45mg COD/g VSS,发酵时间为6d)均高于空白组(79.45mg COD/g VSS,发酵时间为10d).机理研究表明,矿化垃圾能够促进污泥的溶解、蛋白质和多糖的水解以及氨基酸和葡萄糖的酸化.在投加矿化垃圾的反应体系中与水解、酸化有关酶的活性也均高于空白试验组,进一步证实了矿化垃圾能够强化污泥厌氧发酵的水解酸化反应.     

Corporate Ethics in the Era of Globalization: The Promise and Peril of International Environmental Standards

The growing assumption thattransnational corporations (TNCs) will apply``best practice' and ``international standards'in their operations in developing countries hasseldom been checked against close observationof corporate behavior. In this article, Ipresent a case study, based on field research,of one voluntary initiative to useinternational standards and best practice forenvironmental protection in the AmazonRainforest, by a US-based oil company,Occidental Petroleum (Oxy) in Ecuador. The moststriking finding is that the company refuses todisclose the precise standards that apply toits operations. This, and the refusal todisclose other important environmentalinformation, make it impossible to verifyindependently Oxy's claims of environmentalexcellence, or assess the effectiveness of theinitiative. At the same time, Oxy uses theinvocation of international standards to wrapitself in a veneer of corporate responsibility;reassure government officials and localresidents; cultivate confusion about standardsand practices that apply to the operations;deflect meaningful oversight and transparency;and arbitrarily legitimize norms that have beendefined by special interests. In short,international standards offer great promise forneeded environmental improvements; but can alsobe used to impede, rather than advance,corporate responsibility and the development ofeffective environmental law at the nationallevel. These findings suggest that for theapplication of international standards to bemeaningful, the international community needsto move beyond statements of principle anddevelop mechanisms that can be used toevaluate, verify, and monitor independentlyenvironmental claims by TNCs.     

浅议我国环境保护产业政策

从狭义和广义两方面介绍了环境保护产业的概念,综述了我国与环境保护产业相关的法律、法规、方针以及符合我国国情的环境保护产业的政策体系,分析了环境保护产业存在的问题,提出了我国环境保护产业发展的建议。     

片岩隧道变形规律分析与预测方法研究

为准确掌握片岩隧道变形规律,基于隧道变形监测结果,利用核极限学习机构建隧道变形初步预测模型,通过遗传算法和蚁群算法进行优化处理,以保证模型参数的最优性,采用混沌理论对预测误差进行修正处理,利用M-K分析判断隧道变形趋势,并将趋势判断结果与预测结果对比.结果表明:通过递进优化处理,能逐步提高预测精度,且预测结果的相对误差...     

城市绿化法初论:概念与立法目的

城市绿化法是指调整人们在城市绿化活动中产生的社会关系的法律规范总和。它应以保障人的健康和福利、促进城市可持续发展、保障和促进城市绿化事业的发展、保护和改善生态环境、美化生活环境为立法目的。城市绿化法的立法目的既是城市绿化法创制和适用的前提和根本,也是研究城市绿化法的逻辑起点。     

Effects of dry bulk density and particle size fraction on gas transport parameters in variably saturated landfill cover soil

Landfill sites are emerging in climate change scenarios as a significant source of greenhouse gases. The compacted final soil cover at landfill sites plays a vital role for the emission, fate and transport of landfill gases. This study investigated the effects of dry bulk density, ρ(b), and particle size fraction on the main soil-gas transport parameters - soil-gas diffusivity (D(p)/D(o), ratio of gas diffusion coefficients in soil and free air) and air permeability (k(a)) - under variably-saturated moisture conditions. Soil samples were prepared by three different compaction methods (Standard and Modified Proctor compaction, and hand compaction) with resulting ρ(b) values ranging from 1.40 to 2.10 g cm(-3). Results showed that D(p) and k(a) values for the '+gravel' fraction (<35 mm) became larger than for the '-gravel' fraction (<2mm) under variably-saturated conditions for a given soil-air content (ε), likely due to enhanced gas diffusion and advection through less tortuous, large-pore networks. The effect of dry bulk density on D(p) and k(a) was most pronounced for the '+gravel' fraction. Normalized ratios were introduced for all soil-gas parameters: (i) for gas diffusivity D(p)/D(f), the ratio of measured D(p) to D(p) in total porosity (f), (ii) for air permeability k(a)/k(a)(,pF4.1), the ratio of measured k(a) to k(a) at 1235 kPa matric potential (=pF 4.1), and (iii) for soil-air content, the ratio of soil-air content (ε) to total porosity (f) (air saturation). Based on the normalized parameters, predictive power-law models for D(p)(ε/f) and k(a)(ε/f) models were developed based on a single parameter (water blockage factor M for D(p) and P for k(a)). The water blockage factors, M and P, were found to be linearly correlated to ρ(b) values, and the effects of dry bulk density on D(p) and k(a) for both '+gravel' and '-gravel' fractions were well accounted for by the new models.