Infill McMansions: Style and the psychophysics of size

The number and size of infill oversized houses, or McMansions, has increased in the U.S. and the world. To maintain desirable neighborhood appearances, communities should know what constitutes “too big.” This paper reports six studies that used color simulations of blocks of houses to examine compatibility and visual appeal in relation to attributes of the infill house and its context. Following psychophysical findings, the relative size of the infill house should have larger effects on response than its actual size. The studies confirmed that the infill ratio had more weight than size for perceived compatibility. Compatibility did not always translate into visual appeal. For visual appeal, infill style had larger effects than did size or size ratio, height had larger effects than width, and, for larger sizes and ratios, infill ratio had larger effects than actual size. To maintain visual quality in relation to infill houses, communities should first seek an architecturally compatible style, and then try to control its relative size (the infill façade area). Tests of responses to real infill houses can show how well these findings generalize.     

我国生物质能源立法的可行性分析

生物质能源作为可再生能源的一种,具有许多优点。我国对于生物质能源的研究,也只有20多年的时间,而且我国的学者和科学家大多集中在对生物质能源利用技术的研究,对于生物质能源立法方面的研究则屈指可数。本文在前人研究成果的基础上,对我国生物质能源立法的可行性进行探讨,提出自己的一些浅薄见解,以填补我国学术界在这方面的空缺。     

环境行政执法工作中存在的问题及对策分析

近年来,我国虽然不断加大环境执法的力度,但由于在立法、体制、机制与执法监管能力等方面存在的弊端,执法效果不显著,这在一定程度上影响了环保法制建设的进程,降低了环保部门行政执法的能力。本文针对现实障碍,提出了尽快修订和完善法律体系,完善环境管理体制,扩大执法的权限,提高环境执法及应急能力等相应对策。     

中国环境法治建设的成就及建议

回顾了中国改革开放三十年来环境法治建设取得的主要成就,并对我国环境立法、环境执法、环境司法和理论研究方面提出了建议。     

绿色产业与绿色产业法

环境保护产业化是环保工作发展的主要趋势之一。在理论研究和实际工作中。环保产业、环境产业、绿色产业等概念的研究与应用日趋增多。就环境法学而言，界定一个适应环保产业发展的相关概念，并研究其相关法制的构建与发展是十分必要的。绿色产业与绿色产业法研究正是这一思路的具体落实。     

全面系统完善我国生态文明党内法规体系

生态文明党内法规是中国特色社会主义法治体系的重要组成部分。党的十八大以来,随着生态文明写入党章,生态文明专门党内法规及相关党内法规对生态文明的规定得到丰富和发展。但由于建设时间短,加上我国正处于经济社会发展的转型期,生态文明党内法规体系建设存在相关党内法规制定的规范性和权限的明确性不够、法规的系统性和体系的层次性不够、条文的清晰性和规范的可操作性不够、适用的涵盖性和内外的衔接性不够等问题。为此本文建议：(1)统筹规划,开展生态文明党内法规的系统性和规范性建设;(2)重点建设,分级分领域制修订生态文明建设和改革的专门党内法规;(3)全面融入,将生态文明的建设和改革要求分解到各级各类党内法规中;(4)厘清关系,加强与国家生态环保法律法规的衔接和协调。     

ADAPTING THE LAW OF WATER MANAGEMENT TO GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND OTHER HYDROPOLITICAL STRESSES1

ABSTRACT: Existing legal regimes for the management of water resources are already stressed by changing technologies and growing populations. There is little reason for doubt that today the planet is undergoing significant and even alarming climate change. In the past such global climatic changes had dramatic effects on water resource availability with disastrous consequences for many human communities. Today's climate changes can be managed without such disastrous consequences for present day communities only if there are major reforms to existing water law regimes at the local, national, and international levels. In particular, at the local and national levels, water resources must be treated as public property rather than as common or private property. At the international level, water must be managed at the drainage basin level rather than according to national boundaries that largely ignore rational water management criteria. At all levels, care must be given to decentralizing decision making and to use economic incentives insofar as possible, without, however, mistaking economic incentives for markets. The public nature of water resources precludes true markets as a significant management tool.     

THE (POLITICAL) SCIENCE OF WATERSHED MANAGEMENT IN THE ECOSYSTEM AGE1

ABSTRACT: Ecosystem management has become an important unifying theme for environmental policy in the past decade. Whereas the science of ecosystem dynamics suggests that it will remain difficult to define ecosystem borders and all of the natural and anthropogenic effects that influence them, the politics of ecosystem management require that a national ecosystem delineation standard be adopted. Moreover, a political framework for ecosystem management decision making must be designed in such a way as to complement the hierarchical, interrelated nature of ecosystems generally. This paper advocates that a watershed-based ecosystem delineation standard is the most politically suitable because it will be easily understood by the public and watersheds have a long history as a medium of environmental policy. The paper then proposes that the political framework for watershed-based ecosystem management must depend heavily on state and local autonomy, subject to federally prescribed standards and goals. The Coastal Zone Management Act provides a model for how a national ecosystem management policy can work within state and local watershed cultures and economies.     

电力节能减排法规体系建设思考

简述了中国环保法规建设的发展和现状,重点分析了电力SO2排放控制的法规、行政要求;介绍了电力行业供电煤耗、烟气脱硫、脱硝、废水排放等节能减排成效。对法律间存在的不够协调,法律与法规、法规与规章之间缺乏一致性、配套性以及法律本身存在的不明确、操作性不强等问题,从改革发展、体制变化、环境性质、基础研究等方面进行了分析：重点对项目环评、规划环评、工频电磁场、火电厂脱硫、排污收费、污染物总量控制、区域限批等要求进行了初步分析,并提出了相关建议。     

近30 a长三角地区港口规模分布演化分析

以港口货物吞吐量和港口集装箱吞吐量为指标,运用首位度、位序-规模法则和Kernel密度估计对长三角地区港口规模分布进行研究。结果表明:(1)长三角地区港口等级规模分布由首位分布向位序-规模分布演变;港口货物运输与集装箱运输的首位分布特征演变具有内在一致性,但演变态势、具体时点等方面存在差异;港口体系结构由单核枢纽演变为双核枢纽,并有望形成三足鼎立新格局;(2)长三角地区港口规模分布逐步优化,等级结构不断趋于合理,港口体系基本满足位序-规模法则,但还没有达到理想状态;港口体系呈现分散化发展态势,集装箱技术的应用减缓了港口体系的分散化发展;(3)港口货物吞吐量与港口集装箱吞吐量的核密度曲线由多峰结构分别变为双峰结构和单峰结构,货物运输和集装箱运输均向协调态势发展。