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Josephine A. Archibald M. Todd Walter 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2014,50(2):497-508
It is well established that wet environment potential evapotranspiration (PET) can be reliably estimated using the energy budget at the canopy or land surface. However, in most cases the necessary radiation measurements are not available and, thus, empirical temperature‐based PET models are still widely used, especially in watershed models. Here we question the presumption that empirical PET models require fewer input data than more physically based models. Specifically, we test whether the energy‐budget‐based Priestley‐Taylor (P‐T) model can reliably predict daily PET using primarily air temperature to estimate the radiation fluxes and associated parameters. This method of calculating PET requires only daily minimum and maximum temperature, day of the year, and latitude. We compared PET estimates using directly measured radiation fluxes to PET calculated from temperature‐based radiation estimates at four humid AmeriFlux sites. We found good agreement between P‐T PET calculated from measured radiation fluxes and P‐T PET determined via air temperature. In addition, in three of the four sites, the temperature‐based radiation approximations had a stronger correlation with measured evapotranspiration (ET) during periods of maximal ET than fully empirical Hargreaves, Hamon and Oudin methods. Of the three fully empirical models, the Hargreaves performed the best. Overall, the results suggest that daily PET estimates can be made using a physically based approach even when radiation measurements are unavailable. 相似文献
304.
西北干旱区旱地玉米叶面积指数与气象因子及生物量的关系 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
利用甘肃省西峰农业气象试验站1994-2008年玉米试验观测资料,对玉米的LAI变化规律,温度、光合有效辐射对LAI的影响,LAI对50 cm土层土壤贮水量、生物量及产量因子的影响进行了分析。结果表明,三叶期-乳熟期LAI随着出苗后的天数呈S曲线变化。缓慢增长期出现在8~28 d;快速增长期出现在28~74 d;缓慢下降期出现在74~103 d。叶片含水率以0.9%/10 d的速度线性下降。各试验年份间,降水差异较大,变异系数为31%~92%;其次为≥10℃有效积温;光合有效辐射比较稳定。从播种到乳熟期,各年份的气象要素值趋于平均值。LAI与≥10℃有效积温及光合有效辐射呈幂函数变化,有效积温500℃及光合有效辐射值250 MJ/m2是LAI累积速度变化的转折点。≥10℃有效积温500~1 000℃及光合有效辐射800~1 000 MJ/m2是LAI快速增长的阶段。随着LAI的增大,50 cm土层贮水量呈线性减少。LAI对生物量的影响可用幂函数描述,最利于生物量累积的LAI值为3.5,较为适宜的种植密度为60 000株/hm2。七叶期-拔节期阶段LAI与产量因子的相关性较差,抽雄期-乳熟期阶段LAI与产量因子的相关性显著。在一定范围内,抽雄期LAI的增大对提高玉米的经济产量有利。 相似文献
305.
中国地表太阳辐射资源空间化模拟 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
基于1981—2010年全国122个气象台站的太阳辐射和气温日较差观测数据,将Bristow-Campbell太阳辐射估算模型在中国八大自然区分别进行了参数校正和验证;利用地理信息空间分析平台,采用PRISM模型对中国区域平均最高与最低气温空间化的结果,将其输入Bristow-Campbell模型,实现太阳总辐射的空间栅格化模拟;通过斯忒藩-玻耳兹曼定律计算全国地表长波辐射平衡;进而根据太阳辐射平衡公式,得到中国地表太阳辐射平衡的空间格局。结果表明:经过校验的Bristow-Campbell可以较准确地估算中国区域太阳总辐射资源;基于Bristow-Campbell辐射估算模型,结合气象数据的空间化模型,是实现太阳净辐射资源空间化模拟的有效途径;我国地表太阳净辐射总体空间格局表现为高值区位于青藏高原,每年可达9 000 MJ·m-2,东部地区的净辐射年总量较低,东北稍高,浙闽地区稍低,低值区位于川黔地区,年平均约为2 000 MJ·m-2左右。 相似文献
306.
为认识藻红外联合作用评价法的稳定性,用苯(C6H6)、甲苯(C6H8)、二甲苯(C8H10)、氯苯(C6H5Cl)、三氯甲烷(CHCl3)和羊角月牙藻(Selenastrum capricornutum)进行了重现性实验,通过测试实验藻对5种药品不同组合的响应温差,用联合偏差系数法评价联合作用类型,分析药品联合毒性的重现性及联合作用评价法的评价效果。结果表明:二元组合中,重现性50%的5组,重现性75%的5组,平均重现性62.5%;三元组合中,重现性50%的1组,重现性75%的8组,重现性100%的1组,平均重现性75%;四元组合中,重现性50%的1组,重现性75%的1组,重现性100%的3组,平均重现性85%;五元组合重现性100%,混合药品总平均重现性73.1%。重现性大于阈值的组合19个,占全部26个组合的73.1%。药品组合元数增减与联合作用的重现性正相关。分析可知,藻红外联合作用评价法用于联合作用分析稳定性较好。 相似文献
307.
Ensiyeh Ghanizadeh Kazerouni† 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(5):903-914
Ozone reduction enhances the amount of ultraviolet (UV) radiation reaching the aquatic ecosystems, which can induce adverse effects on fish. In order to study the UV radiation effects on skin structure and ultrastructure, the alevins of Salmo trutta caspius were exposed to two different doses of UV radiation (low doses of: 60 µW cm?2 UVC; 100 µW cm?2 UVB; and 40 µW cm?2 UVA and high doses of: 90 µW cm?2 UVC; 130 µW cm?2 UVB; and 50 µW cm?2 UVA) for 15 min once a day in dark condition. Alevins with no exposure to either solar light or UV exposure served as the control group. No mortality was observed in the control group, whereas all of the alevins died in the 9th day in both UV exposure groups. Light microscopic and scanning electron microscopic studies showed significant reduction in the epidermis thickness, number of skin mucous cells, and percentage of mucus secreting cells in both UV exposure groups. Sunburn cells, lifting epidermis from basal membrane, and disappearance of pavement cell microridges were also observed. Our results showed that UV radiation caused intensive skin cell lesions in the Caspian salmon alevins. Since the skin cells of trout alevins possesses essential roles in respiration, osmoregulation, excretion and defense, the observed damages to the skin could be attributed to their sudden mortality in the UV exposure. 相似文献
308.
This work was undertaken to ascertain the impact of different fluence rates of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation on two cyanobacterial biofertilizers, Phormidium foveolarum and Nostoc muscorum, growing under copper toxicity. Copper (2 and 5?µmol?L?1) and high UV-B fluence rate (UV-BH; 1.0?µmol?m?2?s?1) decreased the growth, pigment content, photosynthetic oxygen yield, phosphate uptake, and acid phosphatase activity in both the strains analyzed after 24 and 72?h of experiments, and combined exposure further enhanced the toxic effects. Respiration and alkaline phosphatase activities were stimulated appreciably. The damaging effect was shown on the order on pigments: phycocyanin?>?chlorophyll a?>?carotenoids, and on photosystems: whole chain photosynthetic reaction?>?photosystem II?>?photosystem I. Partial recovery in the photosystem II activity in the presence of artificial electron donors; diphenyl carbazide (DPC), hydroxylamine (NH2OH), and manganese chloride (MnCl2) pointed out the interruption of electron flow on the oxidation side of photosystem II. Unlike UV-BH, low UV-B fluence rate (UV-BL; 0.1?µmol?m?2?s?1), rather than causing damaging effect partially, alleviated the toxic effects of Cu. This study suggests that the cyanobacterium P. foveolarum is less sensitive against UV-BH and excess Cu (2 and 5?µmol?L?1), thus P. foveolarum may be used as a biofertilizer for sustainable agriculture. 相似文献
309.
Comprehensive monitoring technique based on electromagnetic radiation and its applications to mine pressure 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Strata pressures are common potential troubles during coal mining, serious ones can cause great catastrophe. This paper presents a new comprehensive electromagnetic radiation (EMR) monitoring technique to monitor and predict these disasters. In this paper, we studied the relationship of EMR emitted by various, uniaxially loaded, coal rock samples (coal, rock, roof-coal-floor composite) in their whole deformation and failure processes to the applied loads, and found that EMR signal is linearly related to the applied loads, while the number of EMR pulses is a third power function of the applied loads. Therefore, EMR signal is capable of reflecting the stress (load) state, deformation and fracture strength, and internal stress state of coal rock mass. Based on the above, we proposed three methods for measuring rock pressure distribution, periodic pressure, and internal stress distribution of coal rock mass on working faces, and conducted field measurements and verifications. The results showed that (i) EMR has a certain correspondence to support resistance of working faces, and can reflect more accurately the face pressure distribution; (ii) in the mining impacted area located within 100 m in the front of working face, the stress distribution has unimodal and bimodal forms; (iii) EMR signal changes periodically with periodic pressure, and can be used to qualitatively observe and evaluate periodic pressure; (iv) tested with antenna in the borehole into coal rock mass, EMR signal can effectively reflect the internal stress distribution and shifting, which was verified by using traditional drilling cuttings method. In addition, EMR can also be used to check the effect of destress blasting as one of the emergency measures. In conclusion, the results are of practical significance for using EMR to monitor rock pressure and guiding safe underground mining. 相似文献
310.
为了防护人体免遭电磁辐射的危害,电磁辐射防护服装的应用及相关研究受到广泛关注。本文从电磁辐射防护的背景入手,阐述了电磁辐射防护服的防护原理研究进展,介绍了电磁辐射防护服装的应用以及屏蔽效能测试与评价的研究现状,并对电磁辐射防护服装今后研究提出了相应的建议与展望。 相似文献