西藏日太阳总辐射估算模型的优化与时间尺度效应

根据2012～2014年拉萨站点的日太阳辐射观测数据,对3种日太阳总辐射估算模型(左大康、Prescoff和王炳忠等提出的估算模型)的估算结果和实际观测结果进行误差检验分析,结果表明:3种模型都通过了显著性检验,其平均绝对误差(MAE)分别为6.17 MJ/(m~2·d)、6.42 MJ/(m~2·d)和12.31 MJ/(m~2·d),均方根误差(RMSE)分别为1.60 MJ/(m~2·d)、1.65 MJ/(m~2·d)和2.78 MJ/(m~2·d),表明利用地理位置信息和日照时数的左大康估算模型对拉萨日太阳总辐射的估算效果优于Prescoff和王炳忠估算模型。利用左大康估算模型分别估算得到2015年拉萨、那曲和葛尔地区的日太阳总辐射值,并进行模型验证。通过分析拉萨1971～2015年的太阳总辐射变化和周期性特征,研究日太阳总辐射估算模型的时间尺度效应。按照11年和四季两种不同的时间尺度,利用线性回归法对日太阳总辐射估算结果和实际观测结果进行误差和相关性分析,得到经验参数a和b的值与时间尺度有一定关系。11年和四季两种时间尺度除夏季以外,其他时间拟合模型的精度均得到了提高。通过线性回归法得出45年的西藏日太阳总辐射优化估算模型,该模型估算日太阳总辐射的误差小于左大康模型,估算精度较高。     

高空长航时无人机工作环境特性

对世界上具有代表性的长航时无人机的升限和续航时间两个主要性能进行整理和归纳,并对其中两种典型飞机进行了简单介绍。建立在标准大气模型的基础上,忽略地区性、昼行性、季节性的波动和纬度的影响,以海拔高度作为变量,整理了气温、气压、太阳辐射三个环境参数的计算方法。在国内选出涵盖沿海、高原、沙漠、平原等多种地形地貌,以及不同海拔高度的五个地区。对这个五个地区的大气环境和太阳辐射进行调研,以获取具有代表性的典型地面-高空环境特点,并对这五个地区的温度、湿度、辐射在不同高度的数据进行了分析,各环境参数均表现出了明显的周期性和地区差异。     

基于O3/UV法的消解终止自动确定方法

为了提高基于臭氧协同紫外（O₃/UV）法的COD在线监测装置的检测效率和检测精度,分析了不同水样在消解过程中二氧化碳气体生成浓度的变化率与有机物消解率之间的关系,提出了一种消解终止自动确定的检测方法.通过采集消解过程中各传感器的数据,基于使用滑动标准偏差法计算二氧化碳气体浓度变化率的标准差自动确定消解终止时间.对不同种类、不同浓度的有机物进行消解实验,发现在二氧化碳实时浓度的标准差小于0.003时,有机物基本消解完全,可认为达到反应终点.该方法不仅可用于COD的在线监测提高检测效率和检测精度,也对基于臭氧协同紫外（O₃/UV）法的废水处理具有指导意义.     

大型自然通风冷却塔环境影响的预测分析研究

大多数内陆核电厂将采用大型自然通风冷却塔作为其二次循环冷却方式,本文基于美国核管会推荐的SACTI程序,给出了该模型的基本原理和框架结构,并以江西彭泽核电厂为例,采用该程序预测分析了该核电厂大型自然通风冷却塔所造成的雾羽和太阳辐射损失的影响。并进一步研究了不同环境风速、相对湿度条件下对冷却塔造成的太阳辐射损失的影响。SACTI模型可以根据厂址逐时气象观测数据,较好地计算可见雾羽的长度、抬升高度和太阳辐射损失,其结果可以作为冷却塔环境影响评价的依据。     

AP9/AE9/SPM辐射环境模型研究

对辐射环境模型AP9/AE9/SPM进行了系统研究,重点分析了AP9/AE9/SPM辐射环境模型的发展历程、建模数据、模型能力、模型使用方法、模型特点和局限性以及发展趋势。总结了AP9/AE9/SPM辐射环境模型“螺旋式上升”研发途径中所发布的11个版本的特点、数据覆盖时间范围和能量范围。指出AP9/AE9/SPM辐射环境模型在研发过程中是通过不断地将最新的观测数据和理论知识进行整合,达到扩展模型能量覆盖范围、增加空间粒子分布的目的。最新的AP9/AE9/SPM辐射环境模型具备了命令行和图形用户接口应用程序2种灵活便捷的使用方式,能覆盖完整的辐射带空间,基本实现了电子和质子能量范围的全覆盖。但目前最新版本的AP9/AE9/SPM仍然存在一些局限,这些局限会随着辐射带探测数据的积累和人类对辐射带机理的进一步认知而逐渐得到改善。该研究可帮助用户快速了解并正确使用AP9/AE9/SPM辐射环境模型,为我国自主辐射环境模型研发提供重要参考。     

流体载热远红外气相辐射加热效果及影响因素研究

在“选择性催化还原法(SCR)脱硝-湿法脱硫”系统中,用SCR脱硝后回收的部分废热作为低温热源对湿法脱硫后的烟气进行远红外气相辐射加热,则可实现低成本、高效、简便的烟气再热.以导热油为载热流体,对远红外气相辐射加热湿法脱硫烟气的效果及其影响因素进行了研究.结果表明:流体载热远红外气相辐射加热方式较传统加热方式效果明显;加热终温随导热油温度和进口气体温度升高而升高,而随辐射距离、进口气体流量增大而降低;加热速率随导热油温度升高而增大,而随辐射距离、进口气体温度和进口气体流量增加而减小;加热管所涂涂料的性能是影响辐射加热效果的重要因素之一.     

The global solar radiation estimation and analysis of solar energy: Case study for Osmaniye,Turkey

This paper investigates the prediction of solar radiation model and actual solar energy in Osmaniye, Turkey. Four models were used to estimate using the parameters of sunshine duration and average temperature. In order to obtain the statistical performance analysis of models, the coefficient of determination (R²), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), mean absolute bias error (MABE), and root mean square error (RMSE) were used. Results obtained from the linear regression using the parameters of sunshine duration and average temperature showed a good prediction of the monthly average daily global solar radiation on a horizontal surface. In order to obtain solar energy, daily and monthly average solar radiation values were calculated from the five minute average recorded values by using meteorological measuring device. As a result of this measurement, the highest monthly and yearly mean solar radiation values were 698 (April in 2013) and 549 (2014 year) W/m² respectively. On an annual scale the maximum global solar radiation changes from 26.38 MJ/m²/day by June to 19.19 MJ/m²/day by September in 2013. Minimum global solar radiation changes from 14.05 MJ/m²/day by October to 7.20 MJ/m²/day by January in 2013. Yearly average energy potential during the measurement period was 16.53 MJ/m²/day (in 2013). The results show that Osmaniye has a considerable solar energy potential to produce electricity.     

Analysis of the boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE) of a liquefied natural gas road tanker: The Zarzalico accident

The road accident of a tanker transporting liquefied natural gas (LNG) originated a fire and, finally, the BLEVE of the tank. This accident has been analyzed, both from the point of view of the emergency management and the explosion and fireball effects. The accidental sequence is described: fire, LNG release, further safety valves release, flames impingement on vessel unprotected wall, vessel failure mode, explosion and fireball. According to the effects and consequences observed, the thermal radiation and overpressure are estimated; a mathematical model is applied to calculate the probable mass contained in the vessel at the moment of the explosion. The peak overpressure predicted from two models is compared with the values inferred from the accident observed data. The emergency management is commented.     

尘卷风对沙尘气溶胶的贡献及其与太阳辐射的关系

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠及周边地区观测资料,依据尘卷风热力学理论和方法,估算出在塔克拉玛干沙漠地区尘卷风对沙尘气溶胶贡献的年平均量为4.0× 106t,年最大量为5.0×106t,与该地区沙尘暴的沙尘气溶胶年均贡献量相当.依赖于太阳辐射强度季节变化,尘卷风的起沙量具有与地面温度同步的季节变化规律.     

Effect of dietary factors and environmental chemicals on intestinal drug metabolizing enzymes

The liver is the major site of metabolism of foreign chemicals, but contribution from intestinal biotransformation can influence the overall disposition of chemicals. The intestinal drug‐metabolizing enzymes are located in the endoplasmic reticulum and they possess biochemical properties similar to those of the hepatic system. In general, the rate of in vitro metabolism of drug substrates in intestines is lower than in the liver. There seem to be differences in regulation and induction of hepatic and intestinal drug‐metabolizing enzymes. The in vitro intestinal metabolism of foreign chemicals is affected by several factors including the nutritional status of the animal. Dietary components such as vitamins, lipids and vegetables can modify the activities of intestinal drug‐metabolizing enzymes. Phenobarbital or 3‐methyl‐cholanthrene (3‐MC) pre‐treatment induces the hepatic metabolism of a wide variety of drug substrates in a number of species, while the stimulation of intestinal enzymes is both substrate and species specific. Rabbit intestinal drug‐metabolizing enzymes seem to be resistant to induction by foreign chemicals.