A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Ultraviolet B Radiation and Its Synergistic Interactions with pH, Contaminants, and Disease on Amphibian Survival

Abstract:  Human alterations to natural systems have resulted in a loss of biological diversity around the world. Amphibian population losses have been more severe than those of birds and mammals. Amphibian population declines are likely due to many factors including habitat loss, disease, contaminants, introduced species and ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation. The effect of UVB, however, varies widely among species and can vary within populations of the same species or at different life-history stages. This variation has often led to opposing conclusions about how UVB affects amphibians. We used meta-analysis techniques to explore the overall effects of UVB radiation on survival in amphibians. We also used recently developed factorial meta-analytic techniques to quantify potential interactions between UVB radiation and other stressors on amphibians. Ultraviolet-B radiation reduced survival of amphibians by 1.9-fold compared with shielded controls. Larvae were more susceptible to damage from UVB radiation compared with embryos, and salamanders were more susceptible compared with frogs and toads. Furthermore, UVB radiation interacted synergistically with other environmental stressors and resulted in greater than additive effects on survival when 2 stressors were present. Our results suggest that UVB radiation is an important stressor in amphibians, particularly in light of potential synergisms between UVB and other stressors in amphibian habitats.     

基于试验观测的光合有效辐射特征分析

光合有效辐射是生物、生态和农业常用的重要参数,常规气象资料中没有该资料,实测结果也比较少,以往多采用经验气候学计算获得。论文基于固城站观测辐射资料,对光合有效辐射特征分析的结果表明:光合有效辐射（PAR）占总辐射（Q）的比值(η_PAR)分布呈近似钟型,有60%的比值分布在0.35～0.45之间。η_{PARPARPARPARPAR})与Q的关系为:全年Q_PAR=0.40Q,生长季Q_PAR=0.41Q,这一结果与以往国内一些实测结果相近。论文用此值重新评估华北平原光合生产潜力的结果表明,以往估算光合生产潜力常采用η_PAR     

微波辐射法合成淀粉-丙烯酰胺接枝物及其絮凝性能研究

微波辐射法可合成淀粉 丙烯酰胺接枝物 ,产物可经红外光谱证明。其絮凝性能受接枝物浓度、接枝物接枝率、溶液酸度、溶液温度及絮凝时间等因素的影响。将其用作絮凝剂处理生活污水 ,效果优于国产聚丙烯酰胺 ,处理后的污水可达标排放。     

微波改性活性炭的吸附性能

利用微波辐照技术代替传统的加热技术在N2 气中对煤质活性炭进行改性 ,以期提高活性炭的吸附性能。通过正交实验法 ,探讨了微波功率、辐照时间及样品粒径 3种因素对改性活性炭吸附效果的影响。结果表明 ,微波加热提高了活性炭的吸附能力 ,微波功率和辐照时间是决定改性活性炭吸附性能的关键因素 ,并通过对改性前后活性炭的孔隙结构和微结构变化进行分析 ,来讨论其改性机理。     

De facto governance: how authoritative assessments construct climate engineering as an object of governance

ABSTRACT

Analyses of climate engineering (CE) governance have accelerated in the last decade. A key claim is that CE remains a largely ungoverned space, with shared norms, institutional arrangements, and formal rules to regulate CE not yet present. In contrast, here it is argued that de facto governance of CE is underway, discernible in an ordering of this nascent field of inquiry by unacknowledged sources of steering. One key source of de facto governance is analyzed: high-level ‘authoritative assessments’ of CE. The focus is on how these assessments are constructing CE as an object of governance through demarcating and categorizing this emerging field of inquiry, and how this contributes to normalizing and institutionalizing CE research (and CE research communities). Scrutinizing the distinct nature and political implications of de facto governance, particularly of novel and speculative technological trajectories not yet subject to formal steering, remains a key task for governance scholars.     

微波作用下煤层渗透性变化规律实验研究

为了深入研究微波辐射条件下功率、辐射时间、渗透率、有效应力之间的关系,采用自行设计的微波辐射含瓦斯煤渗流实验系统,进行了不同微波功率、不同辐射时间条件下的煤样渗透率测量实验。研究结果表明:微波辐射条件下,渗透率与有效应力之间遵循负指数函数关系,拟合结果R2均大于0.98;渗透率随微波功率和辐射时间的增加单调递增,并且在低有效应力区数据增长的线性拟合斜率大于高有效应力区;煤样在微波作用下,相同的能量输入,微波功率越高,煤样渗透率越大;研究结果为微波辐射技术在煤层气开采领域的应用提供理论参考。     

金属熔炼企业辐射安全监管的探讨

随着金属熔炼行业的迅速发展,熔炼企业出现放射性污染事件的风险日益增加,采取有效措施加强金属熔炼企业辐射安全监管,防止放射性污染事件的发生,具有十分重要的意义。为规范金属熔炼企业的辐射安全管理,浙江省开展了"放心熔炼企业"创建工作,对金属熔炼企业从管理机构、管理制度、仪器配备、人员培训、台账管理等方面提出了严格的管理要求。本文在对浙江省金属熔炼企业辐射安全管理现状情况进行详细调查并结合日常监督性检查和监测的基础上,分析了目前金属熔炼企业辐射安全监管中存在的主要问题,提出了建立有效的管理措施、加强人员培训、加强仪器配备、多部门合作共同做好金属熔炼行业辐射安全监管工作等对策、措施和建议。     

外加热辐射时不同浓度聚丙烯酸钠胶体的实验研究

本文利用锥形量热仪的三个不同外加的热辐射强度,对不同浓度的聚丙烯酸钠胶体的热辐射物理属性进行了实验研究,得到了在不同的热辐射强度下不同浓度的聚丙烯酸钠胶体的失水及对热辐射吸收的实验数据,并总结了各自的规律。从热辐射属性的角度分析了肢体用作灭火剂的原因。     

基于GIS的城市特大火灾蔓延模拟

本文将对城市特大火灾的蔓延机理进行深入剖析,并构建火灾蔓延的半经验半理论模型。该模型包括两个子模型,其一为个体建筑火灾发展的简化模型,其二为建筑物间的火灾蔓延模型。前者简化了个体建筑内部火灾发展与蔓延的复杂过程,仅简单评价了个体建筑火灾发展所处的阶段,即起火、轰燃、充分发展与倒塌,并计算出各阶段相应的物理量。后者则是从建筑物间火灾蔓延的机理入手,借鉴已有模型对两种主要的火灾蔓延方式热辐射与热对流进行模型的简化和修正,并且量化了影响建筑物间火灾蔓延的气象条件。最后,作者提供了基于GIS的城市特大火灾蔓延模拟方案,并将模拟方案用于对日本1995年阪神地震后神户市高桥医院周边一处起火进行火灾蔓延模拟,再将模拟结果与实际火灾蔓延结果进行对比,从对比中充分体现出模型的有效性。     

Kinetics study on photochemical oxidation of polyacrylamide by ozone combined with hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet radiation

An investigation on the process of ozone combined with hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet radiation has been carried out in order to establish the kinetics for photochemical oxidation of polyacrylamide （PAM） in aqueous solution. Effects of operating parameters, including initial PAM concentration, dosages of ozone and hydrogen peroxide, UV radiation and pH value on the photochemical oxidation of PAM, have been studied. There was an increase in photochemical oxidation rate of PAM with increasing of dosages of 03, H2O2 and ultraviolet radiation. Upon increasing of the initial PAM concentration, the photochemical oxidation rate of PAM decreased. Slight effect of pH value on the photochemical oxidation rate of PAM was observed in the experiments. The kinetics equation for the photochemical oxidation of PAM by the system has been established.