核与辐射事故防范与安全战略措施研究

针对核与辐射事故防范与安全战略措施研究问题,介绍了中国核与辐射安全现状,分析了核安全,是国家安全的重要组成部分,为最大限度降低公众辐射受照水平,保护公众的身体健康与生活环境,要确保核的应用与辐射安全,中国已将核与辐射安全纳入国家安全的公共安全体系,并进行战略规划研究。本文通过分析中国核与辐射安全现状及发展趋势,提出了核与辐射事故防范和救治的发展目标,相对应的提出有关核与辐射事故防范与救治安全战略措施及建议。     

大学生人群手机电磁辐射监测与分析

为研究大学生的手机电磁辐射暴露程度,针对手机的3种使用状态(通话、发短信、上网),用TES-593电磁波污染强度计系统地监测了36部手机,监测点代表耳朵、眼睛和手所在处.结果表明,所有监测值均符合国际非电离辐射防护委员会(ICNIRP)的参考水平.3种使用状态下的手机电磁辐射辐射强度大小依次为通话、发短信、上网;在室内通话、发短信和上网状态下,2G手机近背面的平均电场强度依次为15.27 V/m、11.43 V/m和9.57 V/m;手机在室内通话状态下的电场强度大于室外通话状态下的电场强度,2G手机在这两种状态下,听筒处的平均电场强度分别为16.00 V/m、9.46 V/m.多数手机室内通话电场强度容易超过GB 8702-88《电磁辐射防护规定》的参考值.手机发短信、上网时的辐射强度随距离增大而减小,一般情况下不会超过《电磁辐射防护规定》的参考值.     

中国省域碳排放强度的集聚效应和辐射效应研究

估算了中国1997—2013年30个省(市、自治区)的碳排放强度数据,并利用全局Moran's Ⅰ指数、局域Moran's Ⅰ指数以及莫兰散点图从集聚效应和辐射效应两个角度考察了我国区域碳排放强度空间分布特征.结果显示:1集聚效应:我国省域碳排放强度具有明显的空间集聚特征,碳排放强度水平相似区域倾向于相邻分布;另外,碳排放强度空间分布呈现不断优化的趋势,即"低-低"集聚不断增加,"高-高"集聚逐渐减少.2辐射效应:内蒙古、宁夏和山西等省对周边地区的碳排放强度具有明显的正向辐射效应,广东、福建和浙江等省对周边地区碳排放强度具有明显的负向辐射效应.最后,据此提出政策建议.     

散射辐射对青藏高原高寒草地总初级生产力模拟的影响

太阳辐射的散射组分能够增强植被冠层LUE（light use efficiency,光能利用率）,因此需要在生产力模型中显式地加入散射辐射的影响,从而更准确地模拟植被冠层光合作用.以青藏高原高寒草地为研究对象,改进光能利用率模型,增加散射辐射模块,利用站点通量观测数据估计模型关键参数;结合区域尺度气象数据和遥感数据,模拟了2003—2008年青藏高原高寒草地区域尺度GPP（gross primary production,总初级生产力）,并量化了GPP模拟的不确定性,进而通过分析模型改进前后GPP空间分布及其不确定性的差异量化了散射辐射的作用.结果表明:考虑散射辐射对LUE的影响后,模型参数优化效果明显提升,青藏高原高寒草地GPP的模拟效果得到提升;2003—2008年青藏高原高寒草地GPP模拟值呈现东南部较大,西北部较小的空间格局,与不考虑散射辐射的结果一致,但GPP平均值由312.3 g/（m2·a）增至341.7 g/（m2·a）,增幅约9.4%,说明不考虑散射辐射会低估青藏高原高寒草地GPP;GPP模拟值不确定性的空间分布与不考虑散射辐射的结果一致,但是平均不确定性大小有所降低,从9.15%降至8.66%.研究显示,若在青藏高原高寒草地的GPP模拟中不考虑散射辐射,虽不会影响其空间格局,但会低估GPP模拟值的大小,同时增加其不确定性.      

环境气象因素监测分析在太阳能热发电站选址快速评估中的应用

目的对凉山州某地太阳能热发电站拟选场址的太阳能资源进行评估。方法利用环境气象因素监测设备监测太阳直接辐射、总辐射和温湿度等环境气象因素,采用经验公式估算凉山州某地全年太阳直接辐射和总辐射量,并利用实测值进行验证。结果某地在秋冬之交,直接辐射强度的平均值为5.7k W·h/(m~2·d),总辐射强度的平均值为5.1 k W·h/(m~2·d)。结论某地为太阳能资源很丰富地区,全年太阳直接辐射量大于5000 MJ/m~2,全年太阳总辐射量大于6000 MJ/m~2,2月、3月、4月和5月为太阳能热发电最佳经济运行的月份。在秋冬之交,有利因素为70%以上的天数直接辐射强度都大于经济性运行的直接辐射强度指标,利于太阳能热发电,是潜在的太阳能热发电站候选地区;不利因素为多云天气和阴天占总天数的百分比接近50%,会极大地影响太阳能热发电的发电量和发电效率。     

太阳辐射试验标准中的太阳光谱分布

目的为太阳辐射试验标准、光老化试验标准修订时正确选择太阳光谱提供依据。方法辨析CIE NO.20,CIE NO.85两种出版物太阳辐射光谱特点,从五个方面对此问题进行探讨,统计这两种太阳辐射光谱带宽辐照度的误差;分析相对空气质量、臭氧与水分、云层光学厚度、地表反射率等因素对太阳辐射光谱辐照度的影响;分析人工辐射光源光谱分布特点,以及它们与太阳辐射光谱的差别;分析当前光老化试验标准对光谱辐照度允差的要求;介绍光老化试验结果间的可比性。结果 CIE NO.85光谱更准确、更细致,但其波长范围较窄,两种光谱辐照度的差别很小,大气环境中许多因素会降低到达地面的光谱辐照度;人工辐射光源光谱与太阳光谱的误差、光老化试验标准中光谱辐照度允差都远大于前述太阳辐射光谱间的误差,标准对太阳光谱波长范围的要求比CIE NO.85光谱宽。结论太阳辐射试验标准、光老化试验标准修订时,仍可选用CIE NO.20光谱作为太阳辐射光谱。     

通信机房热环境下接续性电磁辐射点信息检测研究

提出一种改进双耦合Duffing系统自适应检测方法,并利用改进的滤波器对放大后电磁辐射点信号进行自适应滤波处理,消除信号中噪声干扰,降低电磁辐射点中含有的噪声,在此基础上,在双耦合Duffing系统中引入信号变尺度处理和自适应调整驱动力幅值的方法,实现通信机房热环境下接续性电磁辐射点信息检测.实验结果表明,所提方法能够有效抑制接续性电磁辐射点信号噪声,保证接续性电磁辐射点信息检测的准确性和完整性.     

Guidelines for Riparian Vegetative Shade Restoration Based Upon a Theoretical Shaded‐Stream Model1

Abstract: Guidelines for riparian vegetative shade restoration were developed using a theoretical model of total daily radiation received by a shaded stream. The model assumed stream shading by nontransmitting, vertical or overhanging, solid vegetation planes in infinitely long reaches. Radiation components considered in the model were direct beam shortwave on the stream centerline, diffuse atmospheric shortwave, shortwave reflected by vegetation, atmospheric longwave, and longwave emitted by vegetation. Potential or extraterrestrial shortwave irradiation theory was used to compute beam shortwave radiation received at the stream centerline, and view factor theory was used to compute diffuse radiation exchange among stream, vegetation, and atmospheric planes. Model shade effects under clear skies were dominated by reductions in receipt of direct beam shortwave radiation. Model shade effects with cloudy skies were dominated by the “view factor effect” or the decreases in diffuse shortwave and longwave radiation from the atmosphere balanced against increases in longwave radiation from vegetation. Model shade effects on shortwave radiation reflected by vegetation were found to be negligible. The model was used to determine the vegetation height (H) to stream width (W) ratios needed to achieve 50, 75, and 90 % shade restoration for mid‐latitude conditions on clear and cloudy days. Ratios of vegetation height to stream width, for dense nontransmitting vegetation, generally ranged from 1.4 to 2.3 for 75% shade restoration at a mid‐latitude site (40°N). The model was used to show H/W needed for E‐W vs. N‐S stream azimuths, varying stream latitudes between 30° and 50°N, channels with overhanging vegetation, channels undergoing width changes, as well as the limits to shade restoration on very wide channels.     

伽玛辐射测量中应注意的几个问题

对伽玛辐射测量时如何合理布点，测量结果的恰当表述，数据的科学运用与分析进行了阐述。     

Evaluation of DNA damage in the root cells of Allium cepa seeds growing in soil of high background radiation areas of Ramsar – Iran

Plants are unique in their ability to serve as in situ monitors for environmental genotoxins. We have used the alkaline comet assay for detecting induced DNA damage in Allium cepa to estimate the impact of high levels of natural radiation in the soils of inhabited zones of Ramsar. The average specific activity of natural radionuclides measured in the soil samples for ²²⁶Ra was 12,766 Bq kg⁻¹ whereas in the control soils was in the range of 34–60 Bq kg⁻¹. A positive strong significant correlation of the DNA damage in nuclei of the root cells of A. cepa seeds germinated in the soil of high background radiation areas with ²²⁶Ra specific activity of the soil samples was observed. The results showed high genotoxicity of radioactively contaminated soils. Also the linear increase in the DNA damage indicates that activation of repair enzymes is not triggered by exposure to radiation in HBRA.