环境公益诉讼立法问题研究

随着社会生产力的飞速发展,环境问题日益突出。环境公益诉讼是解决环境问题,保护国家、社会和公众环境权益的基本形式和有效途径,也是最后屏障。从国内一起环境公益诉讼案件出发,借鉴国外特别是美国环境公益诉讼的经验,提出了建立我国环境公益诉讼制度的若干立法建议,旨在探索一条落实科学发展观的环境保护新思路。     

Identification of pollution sources in rivers using a hydrodynamic diffusion wave model and improved Bayesian-Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm

● A hydrodynamic-Bayesian inference model was developed for water pollution tracking. ● Model is not stuck in local optimal solutions for high-dimensional problem. ● Model can estimate source parameters accurately with known river water levels. ● Both sudden spill incident and normal sewage inputs into the river can be tracked. ● Model is superior to the traditional approaches based on the test cases. Water quality restoration in rivers requires identification of the locations and discharges of pollution sources, and a reliable mathematical model to accomplish this identification is essential. In this paper, an innovative framework is presented to inversely estimate pollution sources for both accident preparedness and normal management of the allowable pollutant discharge. The proposed model integrates the concepts of the hydrodynamic diffusion wave equation and an improved Bayesian-Markov chain Monte Carlo method (MCMC). The methodological framework is tested using a designed case of a sudden wastewater spill incident (i.e., source location, flow rate, and starting and ending times of the discharge) and a real case of multiple sewage inputs into a river (i.e., locations and daily flows of sewage sources). The proposed modeling based on the improved Bayesian-MCMC method can effectively solve high-dimensional search and optimization problems according to known river water levels at pre-set monitoring sites. It can adequately provide accurate source estimation parameters using only one simulation through exploration of the full parameter space. In comparison, the inverse models based on the popular random walk Metropolis (RWM) algorithm and microbial genetic algorithm (MGA) do not produce reliable estimates for the two scenarios even after multiple simulation runs, and they fall into locally optimal solutions. Since much more water level data are available than water quality data, the proposed approach also provides a cost-effective solution for identifying pollution sources in rivers with the support of high-frequency water level data, especially for rivers receiving significant sewage discharges.     

基于MCLP-BACOP模型的城市消防站选址研究

为提高消防站规划选址的科学性,合理调度有限的消防应急资源,提升消防应急响应效率,以湖北省某城市中心城区为研究对象,在火灾风险评估基础上,对消防站选址模型进行优化研究,构建了MCLP-BACOP结合覆盖模型并借助ArcGIS软件对模型进行优化求解。研究结果表明：通过MCLP-BACOP结合覆盖模型计算得到的中心城区消防站选址方案在对覆盖率影响较小的情况下,可以减少消防站数量并降低成本,同时能保证高风险区重复覆盖。该模型对于火灾风险较大的城区适用性强,在考虑经济因素及现实条件下,可有效提升城区消防响应效率。     

环境影响评价报告书编制的主要问题浅析

环境影响评价报告书作为环境管理的依据,由有环评资质的单位编制完成。纵观各持证单位编制的环评报告书,大部分质量不错,但也有部分报告书还存在这样或那样一些问题,将这些问题做一简单归纳,视存在问题普遍程度对其进行了讨论分析。对如何提高环评报告书的编写水平和质量做了分析探讨,与环评从业人员一起共勉。     

Combining GIS with fuzzy multicriteria decision-making for landfill siting in a fast-growing urban region

Landfill siting is a difficult, complex, tedious, and protracted process requiring evaluation of many different criteria. This paper presents a fuzzy multicriteria decision analysis alongside with a geospatial analysis for the selection of landfill sites. It employs a two-stage analysis synergistically to form a spatial decision support system (SDSS) for waste management in a fast-growing urban region, south Texas. The first-stage analysis makes use of the thematic maps in Geographical information system (GIS) in conjunction with environmental, biophysical, ecological, and socioeconomic variables leading to support the second-stage analysis using the fuzzy multicriteria decision-making (FMCDM) as a tool. It differs from the conventional methods of integrating GIS with MCDM for landfill selection because the approach follows two sequential steps rather than a full-integrated scheme. The case study was made for the city of Harlingen in south Texas, which is rapidly evolving into a large urban area due to its vantage position near the US-Mexico borderlands. The purpose of GIS was to perform an initial screening process to eliminate unsuitable land followed by utilization of FMCDM method to identify the most suitable site using the information provided by the regional experts with reference to five chosen criteria. Research findings show that the proposed SDSS may aid in recognizing the pros and cons of potential areas for the localization of landfill sites in any study region. Based on initial GIS screening and final FMCDM assessment, "site 1" was selected as the most suitable site for the new landfill in the suburban area of the City of Harlingen. Sensitivity analysis was performed using Monte Carlo simulation where the decision weights associated with all criteria were varied to investigate their relative impacts on the rank ordering of the potential sites in the second stage. Despite variations of the decision weights within a range of 20%, it shows that "site 1" remains its comparative advantage in the final site selection process.     

嘉兴市印染行业中水回用率影响因素及对策研究

对嘉兴市3类印染企业中水回用率影响因素进行了全面调查,并对废水排放量大的化纤印染企业开展了典型调查.结果表明:嘉兴市印染企业共354家,小型企业占65.3％,微型企业占16.1％.化纤印染企业占57.6％,其原料和助剂用量最大,废水排放量最高.不同染色工艺中,溢流染色工艺COD产污系数最大,31家化纤印染、22家棉印染...     

锅炉排污问题重要性的探讨

通过具体的计算,给出了关于锅炉排污的具体的量化数据,以此分析如何更加科学的设计排污装置,以指导具体的设计和使用锅炉设备。     

First Step for an Ecological Risk Assessment to Evaluate the Impact of Diffuse Pollution in Lake Vela (Portugal)

Lake Vela, located in the Portuguese littoral-centre, is a temperate shallow lake exhibiting a high trophic status. This aquatic ecosystem has been potentially exposed to contamination generated by agricultural and livestock activities held in their drainage basin, which seriously compromise their health. This work summarizes some background information and presents the problem formulation step of the ERA. Therefore, it evaluates the characteristics of the stressor(s), describes the ecological system and receptors and suggests a conceptual model, which predicts the potential exposure pathways, relating suspected sources to the defined endpoints. This introductory step also described an analysis plan on the entire study, which includes a delineation of the assessment design, data needs, measures, and methods for conducting the analysis phase of the risk assessment process.     

河北省农村土地流转与农村养老现状的实证研究

农村养老体系的有效建立,离不开农村最重要的土地资源,如何利用农村土地来优化农村养老体系,提升养老质量,就显得尤为重要。针对这一课题,笔者通过河北省农村基层建设年活动,对河北省不同县市的10个村500个农户进行了调查,查找农村土地流转和农村养老面临的问题和困境,并针对当前农村养老体系不健全,新旧养老保障模式衔接不畅和农村土地流转水平低下、流转形式单一的现状,提出农村土地制度的改革要为农村养老提供资金支持,要为新旧农村养老保障体系的转变提供便利的宏观建议。     

煤系高岭土开发利用中存在的问题与对策

煤炭行业开发利用煤系高岭土具有许多有利的条件,但也存在一些问题。作者针对目前煤系高岭土开发利用中存在的问题提出了相应的对策,以供有关决策部门参考。