Comparative analysis of the population structure of social vole (Microtus socialis Pall., 1773, cricetidae, rodentia) in different areas of its range

A comparative analysis of the spatial-ethological structure of social vole (Microtus socialis Pall.) colonies was made on the basis of studies performed in Dagestan (1987–1991) and the southern Kalmyk Republic (1993–1998). Notwithstanding differences in environmental conditions and the extent and forms of anthropogenic impact, the population structure of the species proved to be similar and stable. Irrespective of population density, its core consists of family groups. Specific features of social behavior (aggressiveness toward unfamiliar animals) provide for the protection of home ranges and help to maintain a stable population structure.     

尾巨桉人工林小流域降水产流特征分析

研究尾巨桉(E.urophylla×E.grandis)生长阶段(林龄3.5—5.5 a)所处小流域的降水产流特征,有助于了解桉树生长过程的生态水文效应,对修订桉树人工林经营方案中注重提高生态系统的水源涵养能力有重要参考意义.以广西南宁桉树森林生态系统定位观测研究站(南宁桉树生态站)的闭合尾巨桉林小流域为试验区,在小流...     

农村小管径重力流灰水管道中生物膜细菌群落的特征

为探究农村小管径重力流灰水管道系统生物膜的细菌群落结构特征,建立了一套模拟真实农村环境条件下水量变化且具有3组坡度参数(5‰,10‰,15‰)的小管径灰水管道实验设备,利用Illumina HiSeq高通量测序技术,分析了连续运行60 d后的管道生物膜的细菌群落特征。结果表明：Proteobacteria、Actinobacteria和Bacteroidetes为优势菌门,优势菌属为Paenarthrobacte、Ensifer和Spingopyxis,坡度变化会显著影响生物膜细菌群落组成;小管径重力流灰水管道生物膜中存在一定丰度的反硝化细菌和硝化细菌,具有生物脱氮功能。通过PICRUSt功能预测发现,高坡度(15‰)的灰水管道具有更高的硝化和反硝化基因丰度。进一步分析可知,小管径灰水管道采用高敷设坡度的设计方案可能具有更强的生物脱氮能力。     

A case for gender equity in governance of the Okavango Delta fisheries in Botswana

Fish is a major source of livelihood for the majority of people living around the Okavango Delta in northwestern Botswana. Gender dynamics and governance regimes determine differential access to, and control of, resources between women and men in the area. The purpose of this case study is to critically assess the embeddedness of gendered inequities in the governance of Okavango Delta fishery. Primary data was collected through focus group discussions and face‐to‐face interviews of 96 basket fishers from five villages along the Panhandle area of the Okavango River. The study found that past and present Okavango Delta fishery policy and programme interventions tended to entrench rather than minimize gendered disparities between women and men fishers' access to and control over fish resources, asset accumulation and employment opportunities. Basket fishers have intimate knowledge of flood variability, fish migration and habitat and use this knowledge to make decisions about when and where to harvest what fish species. Women fishers' ecological knowledge, interests and concerns however, have been excluded from current zoning and closed season regulations and co‐management structures. The paper concludes that past and current development interventions as well as the regulatory framework continue to entrench pre‐existing gender relations in the fishery sector which excludes, disempowers and marginalizes women fishers. We recommend innovative co‐management and local based structures which recognize the diversity of interests and interest groups.     

Transitions to sustainability in small islands: combining foresight scenarios with multi-criteria analysis to develop viable sustainability strategies in an EOR

Islands face similar challenges for sustainability as continental areas, but their geographic situation conditions their options for development. However, thanks to their clear geographic boundaries, they are an opportunity to think about sustainability in an integrated way. The objective of the study was to explore from a local (island) and regional (archipelago) perspective strategies for sustainability. ‘Participative foresight scenario mapping’ (PFSM) methodology was used to explore the sustainable future of a small island (Flores Island, Azores, Portugal). The need to acknowledge the limit to growth is a key finding of this article. But the research also allowed us to analyse in depth specific strategies that can be applied to different sectors of activity, the most important being to: improve the quality of local products, diversify the economy and increase self-sufficiency. PFSM succeeded in identifying key themes and facilitating debate around these subjects. These findings can inform sustainable development in other islands or territories sharing similar geographic characteristics.     

Effect of Small‐Scale Heterogeneity of Prey and Hunter Distributions on the Sustainability of Bushmeat Hunting

Abstract: Bushmeat is the main source of protein and the most important source of income for rural people in the Congo Basin, but intensive hunting of bushmeat species is also a major concern for conservationists. Although spatial heterogeneity in hunting effort and in prey populations at the landscape level plays a key role in the sustainability of hunted populations, the role of small‐scale heterogeneity within a village hunting territory in the sustainability of hunting has remained understudied. We built a spatially explicit multiagent model to capture the dynamics of a system in which hunters and preys interact within a village hunting territory. We examined the case of hunting of bay duikers (Cephalophus dorsalis) in the village of Ntsiété, northeastern Gabon. The impact of hunting on prey populations depended on the spatial heterogeneity of hunting and prey distribution at small scales within a hunting area. Within a village territory, the existence of areas hunted throughout the year, areas hunted only during certain seasons, and unhunted areas contributed to the sustainability of the system. Prey abundance and offtake per hunter were particularly sensitive to the frequency and length of hunting sessions and to the number of hunters sharing an area. Some biological parameters of the prey species, such as dispersal rate and territory size, determined their spatial distribution in a hunting area, which in turn influenced the sustainability of hunting. Detailed knowledge of species ecology and behavior, and of hunting practices are crucial to understanding the distribution of potential sinks and sources in space and time. Given the recognized failure of simple biological models to assess maximum sustainable yields, multiagent models provide an innovative path toward new approaches for the assessment of hunting sustainability, provided further research is conducted to increase knowledge of prey species’ and hunter behavior.     

Field Comparison of two NO2 Passive Samplers to Assess Spatial Variation

Two-week average NO₂ concentrations were measured in Amsterdam (NL), Huddersfield (UK) and Prague (CZ) at 80 sites in each study area, to assess small area spatial variation, using a tube type and a badge type passive sampler. The badges appeared to be less robust than the tubes. The lower detection limit for tubes and badges was 3.7 and 0.91 µg/m³, respectively for fortnightly measurements. Accuracy of the samplers was determined with reference methods (chemiluminescence). The mean ratio of the concentration measured by diffusion tube over that by the reference method was 1.16, 1.03 and 0.77 in Amsterdam, Huddersfield and Prague, respectively. Standardizing the badges for the results obtained in Amsterdam, the relative mean ratio of the concentration measured by the badges over that by the reference method was 0.95 and 0.58 in Huddersfield and Prague, respectively. NO₂ concentrations measured by the two designs did not differ significantly. Mean NO₂ concentrations were 36, 26 and 22 µg/m³ in Amsterdam, Huddersfield and Prague, respectively. The precision of duplicate tubes and badges was 8% and 11%, respectively. Both samplers are suitable for determining real variation in small area NO₂ concentrations in the ranges which occurred. It is concluded that low-cost, simple NO₂ passive samplers can provide reliable information about variation in NO₂ concentrations within urban or rural areas on a small spatial scale. Based on its robustness and its precision, tubes were preferred over badges.     

中小锅炉爆炸事故规律分析与研究

为研究中小型锅炉爆炸事故的规律,对中小型锅炉爆炸案例进行调查和分析,并进行了缺水再进水试验和炉胆失稳模拟试验。研究认为,爆炸主要原因是缺水和超压,缺水造成材料性能下降明显,进水汽化造成锅内压力骤升,并给出了立式锅炉爆炸机理。从锅炉结构、水容积、安全附件等方面的爆炸事故因素考虑,对3种中小型锅炉进行安全性分析,并提出了事故预防措施。     

南李庄铁矿富含水段施工技术研究

大水基建矿山的井筒掘砌是一项艰巨的工程,尤其富含水且岩层松软破碎段更给施工带来了很多危险和不确定因素。怎样保证工程顺利进行,成为基建矿山面临的一个主要问题。国控矿业南李庄铁矿下掘至岩层破碎富含水段时,采用长探长注及超前小导管注浆的施工技术顺利通过此段。此施工技术确定了探注孔数及其布置,探注深度和下掘深度,注浆参数的控制,注浆过程控制,超前小导管施工的各项参数,小导管的加固方法等。通过长探长注及小导管的施工保证了下掘工作的顺利进行。     

基于遥感方法的小流域土壤侵蚀研究

探讨了利用遥感技术进行小流域土壤侵蚀计算的方法。应用通用土壤侵蚀方程,借助RS和GIS技术,对模型各参数因子进行精确计算,实现了基于栅格信息的土壤侵蚀计算模型。选择黄河皇甫川五分地沟小流域作为典型研究区,讨论了适宜植被盖度对减小土壤侵蚀模数的影响。