我国西部中小城镇防震减灾管理体系研究

分析了我国西部中小城镇防震减灾管理现状,借鉴发达国家防震减灾管理的经验,构建了西部中小城镇防震减灾管理体系,包括防震减灾法律保障、行政监管、地震监测预报和预警、防震减灾计划、建筑物和生命线工程的抗震性能保证、防震减灾教育与培训、基层单位对震灾的预防、地震救援组织建设、震灾应急救援服务等彼此关联、相互作用的子系统。指出其建设重点应放在建筑物和生命线工程抗震性能保证、行政监管、防震减灾计划、防震教育培训和基层震灾预防等方面。提出了深化西部中小城镇建设管理体制改革、提高防震减灾社会管理与公共服务水平、加强地震灾害应急救援体系建设等对策和建议。研究成果的运用将有助于增强西部中小城镇的防震减灾管理能力。     

A further case with a small supernumerary marker chromosome (sSMC) derived from chromosome 1—evidence for high variability in mosaicism in different tissues of sSMC carriers

A prenatally ascertained case with a de novo small supernumerary marker chromosome (sSMC) derived from chromosome 1 is reported. Due to a fetal heart defect the parents decided in favour of an induced abortion. Postmortem, a molecular cytogenetic study on eleven formalin fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues of the fetus was performed, to further characterize the levels of mosaicism of the sSMC(1). sSMC presence varied between 13 and 62% within different tissues of sSMC carriers. This finding is something common in sSMC carriers and could explain why up to the present no clinical correlations for sSMC mosaicism and clinical outcome in the corresponding carriers could be established. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

陇南土石山区水土资源的保护与农业综合开发

陇南地区水土流失面积占土地总面积的５６．８６％，制约了当地农村经济的发展，该区以小流域为单元，进行水土保持综合治理，建设高产，优质，高效农业生态经济系统，获得了较好的经济，生态和社会效益。通过重点防治，土地利用趋于合理，各业得到的均衡发展，开创了这一地区水土资源保护与农业综合开发的新局面。     

A TRIANGULAR MODEL OF DIMENSIONLESS RUNOFF PRODUCING RAINFALL HYETOGRAPHS IN TEXAS1

ABSTRACT: A synthetic triangular hyetograph for a large data base of Texas rainfall and runoff is needed. A hyetograph represents the temporal distribution of rainfall intensity at a point or over a watershed during a storm. Synthetic hyetographs are estimates of the expected time distribution for a design storm and principally are used in small watershed hydraulic structure design. A data base of more than 1,600 observed cumulative hyetographs that produced runoff from 91 small watersheds (generally less than about 50 km²) was used to provide statistical parameters for a simple triangular shaped hyetograph model. The model provides an estimate of the average hyetograph in dimensionless form for storm durations of 0 to 24 hours and 24 to 72 hours. As a result of this study, the authors concluded that the expected dimensionless cumulative hyetographs of 0 to 12 hour and 12 to 24 hour durations were sufficiently similar to be combined with minimal information loss. The analysis also suggests that dimensionless cumulative hyetographs are independent of the frequency level or return period of total storm depth and thus are readily used for many design applications. The two triangular hyetographs presented are intended to enhance small watershed design practice in applicable parts of Texas.     

小城镇发展与耕地保护

在分析小城镇发展过程中耕地保护的重要性的基础上 ,从土地供给和需求两个方面对小城镇外延扩张的机制进行了探讨。从土地供给来看 ,城镇土地对其供给主体具有四重效用 ,土地供给主体有多供地的内在动机 ;从土地需求来看 ,小城镇土地对其需求主体具有双重效用 ,土地需求主体有多占地的内在动机。若对土地供、需主体的行为缺乏有效约束 ,就会导致小城镇盲目向外扩张而使耕地大量减少。因此 ,要在小城镇发展过程中保护好耕地 ,就应建立有效的管理机制 ,对土地供、需主体的行为进行约束。最后提出了在小城镇发展过程中保护耕地的对策和措施     

初始pH值对连续投加铝盐混凝去除小分子有机物的影响机制

以污水厂二级出水中小分子有机物强化混凝去除为目的,提出了连续投加混凝工艺(CDC),并以水杨酸为模型小分子有机物,研究了初始pH值对CDC工艺去除效果的影响以及铝离子与水杨酸的络合特性.结果表明,初始pH值6时CDC工艺的去除率最高,比常规混凝工艺提升了13.8%.但是初始pH值5和7时CDC工艺的提升效果较小.三维荧光结果表明,不同pH值下水杨酸和铝离子的络合特性不同.X射线光电子能谱和电喷雾质谱结果表明,pH值5时CDC工艺前期主要生成1:1络合物Al(OH)(C₇H₄O₃)(H₂O)₂.其络合作用强烈,稳定性较高,难以从水中去除.pH值6时前期主要生成中等聚合铝(如原位Al₁₃),其与水杨酸形成的络合物可以参与到铝离子的生长过程,最终生成表面崎岖形态松散的珊瑚礁状絮体,强化了水杨酸的去除.pH值7时,主要生成不定形氢氧化铝,通过絮体表面吸附小分子有机物.     

Reexamining the Minimum Viable Population Concept for Long‐Lived Species

For decades conservation biologists have proposed general rules of thumb for minimum viable population size (MVP); typically, they range from hundreds to thousands of individuals. These rules have shifted conservation resources away from small and fragmented populations. We examined whether iteroparous, long‐lived species might constitute an exception to general MVP guidelines. On the basis of results from a 10‐year capture‐recapture study in eastern New York (U.S.A.), we developed a comprehensive demographic model for the globally threatened bog turtle (Glyptemys muhlenbergii), which is designated as endangered by the IUCN in 2011. We assessed population viability across a wide range of initial abundances and carrying capacities. Not accounting for inbreeding, our results suggest that bog turtle colonies with as few as 15 breeding females have >90% probability of persisting for >100 years, provided vital rates and environmental variance remain at currently estimated levels. On the basis of our results, we suggest that MVP thresholds may be 1–2 orders of magnitude too high for many long‐lived organisms. Consequently, protection of small and fragmented populations may constitute a viable conservation option for such species, especially in a regional or metapopulation context. Reexaminando el Concepto de Población Mínima Viable para Especies Longevas Resumen     

Rabbit biocontrol and landscape‐scale recovery of threatened desert mammals

Funding for species conservation is insufficient to meet the current challenges facing global biodiversity, yet many programs use expensive single‐species recovery actions and neglect broader management that addresses threatening processes. Arid Australia has the world's worst modern mammalian extinction record, largely attributable to competition from introduced herbivores, particularly European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and predation by feral cats (Felis catus) and foxes (Vulpes vulpes). The biological control agent rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) was introduced to Australia in 1995 and resulted in dramatic, widespread rabbit suppression. We compared the area of occupancy and extent of occurrence of 4 extant species of small mammals before and after RHDV outbreak, relative to rainfall, sampling effort, and rabbit and predator populations. Despite low rainfall during the first 14 years after RHDV, 2 native rodents listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the dusky hopping‐mouse (Notomys fuscus) and plains mouse (Pseudomys australis), increased their extent of occurrence by 241–365%. A threatened marsupial micropredator, the crest‐tailed mulgara (Dasycercus cristicauda), underwent a 70‐fold increase in extent of occurrence and a 20‐fold increase in area of occupancy. Both bottom‐up and top‐down trophic effects were attributed to RHDV, namely decreased competition for food resources and declines in rabbit‐dependent predators. Based on these sustained increases, these 3 previously threatened species now qualify for threat‐category downgrading on the IUCN Red List. These recoveries are on a scale rarely documented in mammals and give impetus to programs aimed at targeted use of RHDV in Australia, rather than simply employing top‐down threat‐based management of arid ecosystems. Conservation programs that take big‐picture approaches to addressing threatening processes over large spatial scales should be prioritized to maximize return from scarce conservation funding. Further, these should be coupled with long‐term ecological monitoring, a critical tool in detecting and understanding complex ecosystem change.