黑土区小流域土壤氮素空间分布及主控因素研究

在经典统计学和地统计学的基础上,结合"3S"技术,对黑土区海沟河小流域土壤表层(0~20 cm)中全氮(TN)、碱解氮(AN)的空间变异、分布特征及主控因素进行深入探讨.结果表明:海沟河小流域土壤TN含量处于较高水平,AN含量为中等水平;TN和AN的变程分别为900 m和1282 m,其空间变异均受地形、成土母质等结构性要素影响较大,在东-西(E-W)方向的空间变异相对剧烈;TN含量与坡度等地形指标显著性相关,AN含量与高程等地形要素显著性相关;回归协同克里格插值结果显示,TN自东向西呈现"高-低"交替的带状格局,与土地利用方式在东西方向上的演替相近,AN的高值在东部山区,低值在中部旱地分布集中的区域,呈现"两边高,中间低"的特征;水系、居民点等环境要素对TN和AN的空间分布存在明显的作用距离,土地利用方式及坡位对TN和AN含量分布影响显著,且存在较大差异.     

中小型企业员工不安全行为管理模式构建研究

为解决我国中小企业员工不安全行为管控难题,基于不安全行为管理的重要性,采用文献分析法、现场调研法,调查了绵阳市130余家中小型企业不安全行为管理现状,分析得出中小型企业不安全行为管理存在的问题。基于协同理论,研究了安全文化、BBS行为观察流程和杜邦安全训练观察计划3种不安全行为管理模式并对其要素进行组合优化,提出了适合我国中小型企业的不安全行为管理模式。结果表明:不安全行为协和管理模式有利于解决纠正员工不安全行为,提升员工安全作业水平。     

Little things that count: A call for organizational research on microbusinesses

The purpose of this Incubator is to encourage organizational researchers to attend to the most common type of business in the United States—the microbusiness. After defining and describing these businesses, we propose research questions on defining and managing performance, organizational citizenship, and work–family conflict in this novel business setting. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Small female rib cage fracture in frontal sled tests

Objectives: The 2 objectives of this study are to (1) examine the rib and sternal fractures sustained by small stature elderly females in simulated frontal crashes and (2) determine how the findings are characterized by prior knowledge and field data.

Methods: A test series was conducted to evaluate the response of 5 elderly (average age 76 years) female postmortem human subjects (PMHS), similar in mass and size to a 5th percentile female, in 30 km/h frontal sled tests. The subjects were restrained on a rigid planar seat by bilateral rigid knee bolsters, pelvic blocks, and a custom force-limited 3-point shoulder and lap belt. Posttest subject injury assessment included identifying rib cage fractures by means of a radiologist read of a posttest computed tomography (CT) and an autopsy. The data from a motion capture camera system were processed to provide chest deflection, defined as the movement of the sternum relative to the spine at the level of T8.

?A complementary field data investigation involved querying the NASS-CDS database over the years 1997–2012. The targeted cases involved belted front seat small female passenger vehicle occupants over 40 years old who were injured in 25 to 35 km/h delta-V frontal crashes (11 to 1 o'clock).

Results: Peak upper shoulder belt tension averaged 1,970 N (SD = 140 N) in the sled tests. For all subjects, the peak x-axis deflection was recorded at the sternum with an average of ?44.5 mm or 25% of chest depth. The thoracic injury severity based on the number and distribution of rib fractures yielded 4 subjects coded as Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 3 (serious) and one as AIS 5 (critical). The NASS-CDS field data investigation of small females identified 205 occupants who met the search criteria. Rib fractures were reported for 2.7% of the female occupants.

Conclusions: The small elderly test subjects sustained a higher number of rib cage fractures than expected in what was intended to be a minimally injurious frontal crash test condition. Neither field studies nor prior laboratory frontal sled tests conducted with 50th percentile male PMHS predicted the injury severity observed. Although this was a limited study, the results justify further exploration of the risk of rib cage injury for small elderly female occupants.     

小城镇耕地集约利用评价方法比较研究——以浙江省慈溪市为例

以浙江省慈溪市小城镇耕地利用现状数据为基础,以20个镇（街道）为评价单元,建立耕地集约利用评价指标体系,分别采用综合评价法和人工神经网络两种方法、四级评价标准对其耕地集约利用水平进行评价,为区域土地合理利用和科学规划提供依据。研究结果表明：①小城镇耕地集约利用评价指标体系可包括投入强度、利用程度、利用效率和持续状况4个准则层;②小城镇耕地集约利用是以资金的大量投入为重要表征的,因而其重要程度最高,而粮食稳定性指数在气候条件、水分条件较好的南方,其重要性最低;③慈溪市小城镇耕地集约利用水平区域差异较大,多数小城镇耕地利用处于II 级较集约和III 级基本集约水平;④采用的两种评价方法均能较好地反映小城镇耕地集约利用水平,比较而言,采用人工神经网络方法进行小城镇耕地集约利用评价较传统的通过确定权重进行评价的方法是更加有效的途径。     

小型乘用车内直链烃和芳香烃污染特征研究

文章依托美国EPA TO-15建立的罐采样-GC/MS测定环境空气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的方法,对重庆市在售的国产/进口各类小型乘用车内空气VOCs进行测定。分析结果表明,车内空气均存在不同程度的污染,TVOC浓度范围在0.20~50.80 mg/m3之间,均值为5.42mg/m3,约75%新车TVOC浓度大于5 mg/m3。检测出烷烃和烯烃等直链烃15种,芳香烃13种,并且芳香烃浓度明显高于烷烃和烯烃。在直链烃中,四氯乙烯及二氯甲烷的浓度最高,均值为0.235 mg/m3和0.208 mg/m3,芳香烃以甲苯居多,均值为0.58 mg/m3。80%以上的新车含有二氯甲烷、二氯乙烯、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、三甲苯及苯乙烯等污染物。     

喀斯特小流域生态治理下土壤养分特征分析——以广西都安县澄江小流域为例

选择广西典型喀斯特小流域,对生态治理过程中不同土地利用方式的土壤养分特征进行了研究和分析。结果表明棕色石灰土养分含量在经过石漠化治理后较1990年平均水平有所提高,用SPSS16.0对48个土壤样品的土壤养分进行主成分分析,得出2个主成分,并对土壤样品按不同土地利用方式得出的主成分分值进行排名,得分依次为乔木林灌木林沟谷耕地灌草丛草丛坡耕地。土地覆被好的区域土壤养分的含量高,土壤养分易于在植被较好的区域聚集。     

水土保持工作中存在的问题及对策

我国一直以来就是一个水土流失大国,治水保土工作一直备受重视。当前在我国经济快速发展,环境问题日益突出的情况下,合理开发和保护水资源,充分做好水土保持工作已经是各级政府部门和社会各界面临的一个重要课题。     

Understanding recovery of small enterprises from natural disaster

This study, carried out among 251 small-scale firm owners by means of a cross-sectional survey, attempted to identify the factors affecting business recovery from disaster in a flood-prone area of Bangladesh. We selected the participants by using a convenience sampling technique, taking into consideration the characteristics of the firms, and the various enabling- and disaster-impact factors needed to identify those factors significant to business recovery from natural disaster. Results demonstrated that more than three-quarters (87.3%) of owners recovered their firms after disaster. Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that a total of six variables had a significant impact on business recovery: two variables pertaining to the firms’ characteristics, namely, retail firms (OR?=?0.147, P?<?0.05) and the number of employees >4 (OR?=?0.094, P?<?0.01); two variables pertaining to enabling factors, namely, receiving loans (OR?=?0.232, P?<?0.01) and the perception of recovery (OR?=?16.178, P?<?0.01); and two variables pertaining to disaster-impact factors, namely, an income loss amounting to >BDT 2000 (OR?=?7.395, P?<?0.05) and permanent or temporary relocation of the market (OR?=?9.252, P?<?0.001). Results further demonstrated that almost equally half of the owners recovered their firms immediately or within 7 days after disaster (50.9%); the remaining 49.1% took longer. Multivariate analyses, on the other hand, significantly identified three characteristics, namely, 6–10 years of business operation (OR?=?0.267, P?<?0.01), 2–4 employees (OR?=?0.1.822, P?<?0.01), and a monthly income of BDT 5001–7500 (OR?=?4.167, P?<?0.01); two enabling factors, namely, institutional education (OR?=?0.400, P?<?0.05) and awareness of disaster assistance (OR?=?0.607, P?<?0.05); and two disaster-impact factors, namely, loss of human resources (OR?=?6.293, P?<?0.05) and interrupted supply of raw materials (OR?=?4.741, P?<?0.05). We concluded the study with discussions of a few policy implications.     

Special features of fish species composition and community structure in small rivers of the Udmurt Republic

The composition and species richness of ichthyofauna have been studied in 36 stretches of small rivers in the Udmurt Republic to estimate the dependence of species richness on the distance from the river source and the level and type of anthropogenic load. Some specific features of modification of the fish community structure under the influence of agriculture, urbanization, and industry (oil production) have been revealed. Basic trends in the change of dominant complexes of fish species with an increase in the distance from the river source are described for small rivers flowing in different natural and anthropogenic landscapes of the Udmurt Republic.