小城镇发展与耕地保护

在分析小城镇发展过程中耕地保护的重要性的基础上,从土地供给和需求两个方面对小城镇外延扩张的机制进行了探讨。从土地供给来看,城镇土地对其供给主体具有四重效用,土地供给主体有多供地的在动机;从土地需求来看,小城镇土地对其需求主体具有双重效用,土地需求主体有多占地的内在动机。若对土地供、需主体的行为缺乏有效约束,就会导致小城镇盲目向外扩张而使耕地大量减少。因此,要在小城镇发展过程中保护好耕地,就应建立有效的管理机制,对土地供、需主体的行为进行约束。最后提出了在小城镇发展过程中保护耕地的对策和措施。     

双城镇地下水资源的开发利用与保护

简要论述了地下水资源在小城镇建设中的重要地位和与可持续发展战略之间关系,指出双城镇应以"建设生态型城镇"作为未来发展的中心思想,并介绍了双城镇地下水资源开发利用的一些经验.      

Approach of technical decision-making by element flow analysis and Monte-Carlo simulation of municipal solid waste stream

This paper deals with the procedure and methodology which can be used to select the optimal treatment and disposal technology of municipal solid waste （MSW）, and to provide practical and effective technical support to policy-making, on the basis of study on solid waste management status and development trend in China and abroad. Focusing on various treatment and disposal technologies and processes of MSW, this study established a Monte-Carlo mathematical model of cost minimization for MSW handling subjected to environmental constraints. A new method of element stream （such as C, H, O, N, S） analysis in combination with economic stream analysis of MSW was developed. By following the streams of different treatment processes consisting of various techniques from generation, separation, transfer, transport, treatment, recycling and disposal of the wastes, the element constitution as well as its economic distribution in terms of possibility functions was identified. Every technique step was evaluated economically. The Mont-Carlo method was then conducted for model calibration. Sensitivity analysis was also carried out to identify the most sensitive factors. Model calibration indicated that landfill with power generation of landfill gas was economically the optimal technology at the present stage under the condition of more than 58% of C, H, O, N, S going to landfill. Whether or not to generate electricity was the most sensitive factor. If landfilling cost increases, MSW separation treatment was recommended by screening first followed with incinerating partially and composting partially with residue landfilling. The possibility of incineration model selection as the optimal technology was affected by the city scale. For big cities and metropolitans with large MSW generation, possibility for constructing large-scale incineration facilities increases, whereas, for middle and small cities, the effectiveness of incinerating waste decreases.     

Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in step feeding biological nitrogen removal process

The simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in step-feeding biological nitrogen removal process were investigated under different influent substrate concentrations and aeration flow rates.Biological occunenee of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification was verified in the aspect of nitrogen mass balance and alkalinity.The experimental results also showed that there was a distinct linear relationship between simultaneous nitrification and denitrification and DO concentration under the conditions of low and high aeration flow rate.In each experimental run the floc sizes of activated sludge were also measured and the results showed that simultaneous nitrification and denitriflcation could occur with very small size of floc.     

Special features of fish species composition and community structure in small rivers of the Udmurt Republic

The composition and species richness of ichthyofauna have been studied in 36 stretches of small rivers in the Udmurt Republic to estimate the dependence of species richness on the distance from the river source and the level and type of anthropogenic load. Some specific features of modification of the fish community structure under the influence of agriculture, urbanization, and industry (oil production) have been revealed. Basic trends in the change of dominant complexes of fish species with an increase in the distance from the river source are described for small rivers flowing in different natural and anthropogenic landscapes of the Udmurt Republic.     

小型污水处理工艺及其应用前景

小型污水处理设施作为投资省见效快的方法对我国今后污水厂建设具有重要指导意义，需要各级主管部门和广大专业人员更多的关注，本文探讨了小型污水处理工艺的类型及其应用，并对我国小型污水处理厂的建设谈了几点看法。     

SOIL-MOISTURE EFFECTS OF CONVERSION OF SAGEBRUSH COVER TO BUNCHGRASS COVER1

Precipitation, soil moisture, runoff, and vegetation were measured on two, 5- to 10-acre, big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) watersheds and two, equally small, beardless bluebunch wheatgrass (Agrophron inerme) watersheds that were converted from big sagebrush in 1967. The watersheds are located near Wolcott, Colorado, at an elevation of 7,200 feet, and are mantled with 2 to 3 feet of silty clay soils. Annual precipitation was about 13.5 inches; about 9 inches occurred as rain or snow from April through October and about 4.5 inches accumulated as a snowpack from November through March. Evapotranspiration was about 2 inches greater in 1968 and 1 inch greater in 1969 from the sagebrush watersheds than from the grass watersheds. With a mature stand of grass in 1970 and 1971 the differences in evapotranspiration were within the range of differences measured during the 3-year calibration period when all four watersheds were sagebrush. Water use was similar in the top 1 foot of soil but slightly more water was used by the grass in the 1- to 2-foot zone and more water being used by the sagebrush below 2 feet. Soil-water potential data indicated that only the big sagebrush used a small amount of water from the fractured shale at depths below 40 inches. Sagebrush used more water in August and September than the grass.     

沱江流域典型农业小流域氮和磷排放特征

小流域非点源污染氮和磷流失是河流水体污染的重要来源,而且氮和磷流失强度与气候、人为活动有密切的关系.因此,本文以长江上游沱江水系花椒沟小流域为研究对象,对小流域径流量、氮磷流失浓度以及流失量进行定位连续监测,结合降雨分析氮和磷输出变化特征及其响应过程.结果表明：①小流域2012年和2013年的7~9月径流量分别为10.05×10⁵ m³和3.34×10⁵ m³,分别占全年径流量的76.58%和56.51%,而且径流量与降雨量呈正相关关系;②铵态氮最大排放浓度在4~6月,2012年和2013年最高分别能够达到11.51 mg ·L^-1和4.44 mg ·L^-1,流失风险期为4~7月,2012年和2013年流失量分别占全年流失量的78.45%和62.24%;总氮、硝态氮最大排放浓度、流失风险期都为7~9月,硝态氮为总氮的最主要排放形式,2012年和2013年硝态氮最大排放浓度分别为6.06 mg ·L^-1和11.43 mg ·L^-1,7~9月流失量分别占全年流失量的88.74%和65.55%;③总磷、可溶性总磷和颗粒态磷流失风险期为7~9月,颗粒态磷为总磷最主要的排放形式,2012年和2013年7~9月流失量占全年流失的36%和68%,且总磷中颗粒态磷的比例会受到降雨的影响.     

冀西北典型北方小城镇污水处理厂中抗生素的分布和去除

抗生素在环境中作为一种新型污染物,是目前污水处理厂中重要的污染物之一.为考察小城镇污水处理厂对抗生素的去除效果,选择3种典型小城镇污水处理工艺(CASS、A~2/O及Orbal氧化沟工艺),研究了4种四环素类、3种β-内酰胺类、4种大环内酯类、3种喹诺酮类和2种磺胺类在进出水中的浓度分布、去除情况以及不同工艺抗生素去除效率,并对抗生素浓度与水质常规指标的相关性进行分析.结果表明,所研究的污水处理厂中氧氟沙星和诺氟沙星为主要抗生素,并且去除效果较好.5个污水处理厂运行情况良好,CASS工艺和Orbal氧化沟工艺对大部分抗生素的去除效果比A~2/O工艺好,抗生素去除率均能达到60%以上.同时,发现CASS工艺和A~2/O工艺对β-内酰胺类(氨苄西林、青霉素)、喹诺酮类(恩诺沙星、氧氟沙星和诺氟沙星)和大环内酯类(克拉霉素)的去除效果最好,Orbal氧化沟工艺对四环素类(四环素、土霉素)和磺胺类(磺胺嘧啶)的去除效果最好.将抗生素浓度和水质基本参数(NH_4~+-N、TN、COD、pH等)进行相关性分析后,发现抗生素浓度与水质基本参数NH_4~+-N、COD呈一定正相关,污染物浓度越高,红霉素(EM)、罗红霉素(ROX)、差向四环素盐酸盐(ETC)、克拉霉素(CLR)、环丙沙星(CIP)、氧氟沙星(OFX)、差向土霉素(E-OTC)、四环素(TC)、土霉素(OTC)以及诺氟沙星(NOR)的浓度也相对更高,这为确保小城镇污水厂的稳定运行,降低抗生素类污染物的生态风险提供了重要参考.     

阶梯小水电站开发对永定河水质影响及防治对策

随着近年工业的发展，工业对电需求量急剧增加。永定县小水电站无节制开发，已对永定河水体造成一定的污染。监测结果表明，小水电站所在的河段水质比永定河其它断面污染严重，已经满足不了永定水环境功能区划的要求。