新疆沙湾县城镇人居环境与经济协调发展评价

城市人居环境的改善是经济持续发展的动力和保障,经济发展是人居环境改善的物质基础和载体.城市人居环境与经济协调发展是实现可持续发展的重要途径.以新疆沙湾县为研究对象,通过构建城镇人居环境与经济发展协调度指标评价体系,并运用主成分分析方法和协调度模型,对1999-2008年沙湾县城镇人居环境与经济协调发展水平进行了综合评价.结果表明:10年来城镇人居环境与经济发展协调程度逐渐上升,可以划分1999-2004年缓步上升和2005-2008年波动上升2个发展阶段.目前,沙湾县城镇人居环境与经济发展已到达高度协调状态,处理好两者的关系,使之更近一步达到优质协调,从而实现沙湾县经济、社会和生态环境的协调可持续发展.     

南方典型矿区农业小流域耕地土壤重金属空间分布特征及污染评价

为了解我国南方典型矿区所在流域的耕地土壤重金属含量空间分布特征及其污染状况,对所选取的小流域内耕地土壤6种重金属(Cd、 As、 Mn、 Cu、 Zn和Pb)的总量进行测定,运用空间插值方法分析典型矿区小流域尺度重金属含量的空间分异特征,并采用地累积污染指数法与潜在生态危害指数法进行了生态风险评价.结果表明,小流域内耕层(0～20 cm)土壤中Pb、 Zn、 Cu、 As和Cd的含量均值分别高出背景值约11.9、3.8、8.2、4.7和14.2倍,样品超过农用地土壤污染风险筛选值的比例分别为24%、56%、75%、44%和48%, Zn和Mn呈现中等变异,Pb、 As、 Cu和Cd则发生了强变异,表明小流域内存在明显的重金属富集现象;空间分析结果显示,耕地土壤6种重金属的空间分布有明显的一致性特征,即在矿业活动区及其下游和小流域西部乡镇街道处存在富集,在流域主河道干流两侧存在部分重金属的高值点,表明研究区内最主要的污染来源是矿冶活动及污染河水灌溉;地累积污染指数法与潜在生态危害评价结果表明,小流域内存在重金属复合污染,尤以Cd污染的程度最高,河流干流两侧耕地生态风险等级最高.     

细水雾抑制渔船早期火灾模拟实验研究

针对渔船火灾危险性进行分析,辨识火灾危险源,通过实验模拟横向对比几种灭火介质的灭火效果。实验中以柴油油盘火模拟渔船早期火灾,并根据发动机舱的特点设置了喷雾火模拟发动机舱火灾,并通过对比几种不同灭火剂的灭火效果得出细水雾灭火有效性能良好,具有应用于实践的可行性,在渔船灭火技术应用中前景广阔的结论。     

Action-Oriented Support for Occupational Safety and Health Programs in Some Developing Countries in Asia

Action-oriented support programs have been increasingly playing vital roles in promoting safety and health in developing countries in Asia. This paper studied achievements of 3 action-oriented support programs: the WISE program for small enterprises, the WIND program for farmers, and the POSITIVE program for workers and trade unions. Special attention was paid to how the programs have strengthened local efforts for sustainable actions in safety and health improvements. The results showed that there were significant achievements in action-oriented support programs in the region, including a large number of improvement examples, integration into government policies, and network support through employers’ and workers’ organizations. Participatory, action-oriented training tools such as action-checklists, local good example photos, and group work methods played key roles in the effective implementation of the programs. It was of note that there were a number of local efforts to extend the coverage of action-oriented support even to hard-to-reach workers such as home-based workers, rural workers, and ethnic minorities. The efforts included the equal participation in the training by female and male farmers, shortened and weekend training programs, photo sheets showing local good examples, and reasonable fee collection for better sustainability. In conclusion, action-oriented support programs provided local people with concrete means to promote safety and health improvements. The successful programs commonly focused on local initiatives and were built on local wisdom and resources.     

小产权房问题研究

对当前我国存在的小产权房所涉及的法律问题进行了研究分析,从小产权的概念、产生的原因入手,主要论述了小产权房产生的现实原因及深层次的制度原因。小产权房产生的现实原因主要有：高房价的促使、政府监管的不到位、保障性住房的缺位。深层次的制度原因主要是我国农村集体土地使用权流转机制的缺失。因此,政府应通过调控抑制高房价,加强政府部门的监管力度,完善我国的保障性住房建设,以及在制度层面上对我国农村集体建设用地使用权流转制度进行变革。     

小城镇耕地集约利用评价方法比较研究——以浙江省慈溪市为例

以浙江省慈溪市小城镇耕地利用现状数据为基础,以20个镇（街道）为评价单元,建立耕地集约利用评价指标体系,分别采用综合评价法和人工神经网络两种方法、四级评价标准对其耕地集约利用水平进行评价,为区域土地合理利用和科学规划提供依据。研究结果表明：①小城镇耕地集约利用评价指标体系可包括投入强度、利用程度、利用效率和持续状况4个准则层;②小城镇耕地集约利用是以资金的大量投入为重要表征的,因而其重要程度最高,而粮食稳定性指数在气候条件、水分条件较好的南方,其重要性最低;③慈溪市小城镇耕地集约利用水平区域差异较大,多数小城镇耕地利用处于II 级较集约和III 级基本集约水平;④采用的两种评价方法均能较好地反映小城镇耕地集约利用水平,比较而言,采用人工神经网络方法进行小城镇耕地集约利用评价较传统的通过确定权重进行评价的方法是更加有效的途径。     

喀斯特小流域河流溶存甲烷浓度时空变化特征

以宜昌境内喀斯特河流下牢溪为研究对象,通过对流域内15个采样点为期1a间隔约2周1次的水量、水质及CH₄浓度同步监测,探讨河流溶存CH₄浓度时空变化规律及影响因素.结果表明：下牢溪溶存CH₄浓度变化范围为0.002~1.492μmol/L,全年平均浓度0.133μmol/L,整体表现为大气CH₄的源.河流溶存CH₄浓度呈现夏秋高、冬春低的变化特征,主要受温度驱动.雨季CH₄浓度受温度和降雨共同调控.温度越高,产生流量稀释效应的降雨量阈值也越大.下牢溪CH₄浓度空间分异性显著,小型拦水坝前浓度最高,最低值出现在河底坡降较大的天然峡谷型河道.人为活动不同程度的提高了相应河段的CH₄浓度水平,是小流域CH₄浓度空间分布格局的重要影响因素.流域CH₄浓度空间分布无明显时间稳定性特征,这可能与陆源输入及水平、垂向输出等动态因素有关,实施全流域采样监测对小型河流碳排放估算十分必要.     

农村生活污水与小流域水环境协同治理的规则型构——基于临沂“兰山模式”的实践样本

如何对农村地区的流域水环境进行高效而低成本的治理,是当前农村资源环境治理面临的挑战之一。本文以山东临沂市兰山区柳青河水环境污染治理作为典型案例,从规则型构视角剖析行动规则对"兰山模式"的作用机制。其中,边界规则打破了农村生活污水与小流域水环境资源治理的边界,企业等新行动主体的资金、技术的溢出效应提高了治理效率;身份规则改变了行动主体的参与动机,加强了多方主体间的交互作用;选择规则减少了多方治理主体的责任冲突;聚合规则弥补了农户在环境治理中的缺位。在四项行动规则的共同作用下,"兰山模式"实现了农村生活污水与小流域水环境的协同治理,是农村水环境治理的实践样本。     

Transfer and transport of aluminum in filtration unit

Aluminum salt coagulants were used prevalently in various water works.In this article,the effects of filtration on residual aluminum concentration and species distribution were researched by determining the concentration of diiferent aluminum species before and after single layer filter,double layer filter,and membrane filtration units.In the research,size exclusion chromatography(SEC)was used to separate colloidal and soluble aluminum,ion exchange chromatography(IEC)was used to separate organic and inorganic aluminum, and inductivity coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES)was used to determine the aluminum concentration.The results showed that the rapid filtration process had the ability of removing residual aluminum from coagulant effluent water,and that double layer filtration was more effective in residual aluminum removal than single layer filtration,while nano filtration was more effective than micro filtration.It was found that when the residual aluminum concentration was below 1mg/L in sediment effluent,the residual aluminum concentration in treated water was above 0.2 mg/L.The direct rapid filtration process mainly removed the suspended aluminum.The removal of soluble and colloidal aluminum was always less than 10% and the natural small particles that adsorbed the amount of soluble or small particles aluminum on their surface were difficult to be removed in this process.Micro filtration and nano filtration were good technologies for removing aluminum;the residual aluminum concentration in the effluent was less than 0.05 mg/L.     

小口径速射自动炮内膛镶嵌Ta-10W内衬的性能试验研究

目的 提高小口径速射自动炮内膛易损部位的抗烧蚀磨损性能,延长炮管使用寿命,提升小口径速射自动炮的作战效能。方法 研制镶嵌Ta-10W内衬的身管衬套和调节塞,在某小口径导气式转膛自动炮上进行实弹射击试验,测试弹丸炮口初速、射频以及被试品关键尺寸磨损量,并与采用全炮钢被试品的试验结果进行对比,评价内膛镶嵌Ta-10W内衬对提升炮管寿命的效果。结果 自动炮镶嵌Ta-10W内衬,在射击580发炮弹后,身管衬套阳线、阴线内表面以及调节塞导气孔直径磨损量分别较全炮钢减小了57.14%、40.00%、91.23%,而弹丸初速和射频变化量也分别较全炮钢减小了82.56%和93.33%。结论 内膛镶嵌Ta-10W内衬的方法克服了钽及其合金炮膛易损部位钢基体表面涂层容易脱落的问题,能够大幅度提高内膛易损部位的抗烧蚀磨损能力,为小口径速射自动炮延寿设计提供了新的技术途径。