Social capital as a key determinant of perceived benefits of community‐based marine protected areas

Globally, marine protected areas (MPAs) have been relatively unsuccessful in meeting biodiversity objectives. To be effective, they require some alteration of people's use and access to marine resources, which they will resist if they do not perceive associated benefits. Stakeholders’ support is crucial to ecological success of MPAs, and their support is likely to depend on their capacity to adapt to and benefit from MPAs. We examined the influence of social adaptive capacity (SAC) on perceived benefits of MPAs in Siquijor, Philippines, in the Coral Triangle. This region has substantial biodiversity and a population of over 120 million people, many of them dependent on marine resources for food and income. The region has many MPAs, most of which are managed under decentralized governance systems. We collected survey data from 540 households in 19 villages with associated MPAs. We evaluated the influence of multiple SAC variables (e.g., occupational multiplicity and social capital) on perceived benefits with decision trees (CHAID) and qualitatively analyzed this relationship with respect to types and recipients of benefits. Our models revealed the key role of social capital, particularly trust in leadership, in influencing perceptions of benefits (χ² = 14.762, p = 0.000). A path analysis revealed that perceptions of distributional equity were a key mechanism through which social capital affected perceived MPA benefits (root mean‐square error of approximation = 0.050). Building social capital and equity within communities could lead to more effective management of MPAs and thus to expenditure of fewer resources relative to, for example, regulation enforcement.     

我国社会发展科技事业的中心议题——人口、资源与环境的协调发展

人口、资源、环境是经济和社会发展的基础,人口、资源与环境协调发展是经济和社会持续、稳定、协调发展的关键。我国是一个发展中的社会主义大国,协调人口、资源与环境关系需要动员全社会力量,宣传和研究工作要跟上,认识和方法要提高。     

MISSOURI RIVER DEVELOPMENT POLICY AND RURAL COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT1

ABSTRACT: Federal planners, in proposing the massive main stem Missouri River water developments in Montana and North Dakota, promised economic and social benefits to the local residents. Five main stem dams, Fort Peck, Garrison, Oahe, Big Bend and Fort Randall, were evaluated for community and rural development effectiveness. Thirty-seven development factors were examined and improvements noted. Only small differences were noted between areas with water developments and the control area. Further analysis revealed that water development benefits moved downstream and to existing urban areas. The Missouri River's rural areas and small communities were not developed significantly by the water projects. Several problems associated with water development policy were illustrated by the study. Cultural differences between planners and the population impacted were ignored. Second, the allocation of social costs was not considered and related to this, serious geographic maldistribution of benefits and costs resulted. The differences between pre-development promises and development performance was dramatic. While the large dams remain as landmarks to engineering prowess, the projects need to be evaluated for their success in meeting humanistic development objectives. Major redevelopment may be warranted by such an ex-post evaluation.     

开展综合研究以解决我国人口、资源与环境问题

本文阐述了建国以来,我国开展人口、资源、环境研究与实践的重大成就,提出了在当代开展人口、资源与环境综合、协调研究的重要性、必要性,并就人口、资源环境综合研究课题的选择提供了参考意见。     

论民国时期河南灾荒的社会成因

民国年间河南灾荒现象异常突出,虽与当时整体气候背景及河南特殊的地理特征相关,但灾荒背后的社会原因更应引起我们的关注。其主要表现为:一、社会经济乏力,百姓抗灾能力低;二、政治腐败,体现在政府的赋税名目繁多、政府官员失职渎职以及挪用、贪污河防公款等几个方面;三、战争与灾荒;四、帝国主义列强对中国的残酷掠夺。     

黄泛区农民思想观念的近代嬗变——以1938～1952年间的扶沟、西华县乡村为中心

黄泛区农民在经历常年的灾荒打击后,其思想观念中某些方面的传统和变异也得到充分的体现,安土重迁的乡土观念在黄河泛滥前主要表现为黄泛区农民"候鸟"式的生活方式:长期季节性的在家乡与外地之间往返流动.黄河泛滥后又与之前有不同之处:农民流动群体扩大、不同时期流动群体的年龄差异、返乡时间的延长、在外地定居等等特点;宗族观念突破了传统的牢笼,呈现出逐渐淡漠的趋势;礼俗观念表现为"量变"基础上的传承和不可预见的突发性质变;黄泛区农民的恐慌心理也经历了由严重-稳定-淡化的转变过程,这又影响着黄泛区农民不同时期的生存行为.     

地震灾害与地震预报--写在邢台地震40周年之际

本文分析了我国的地震灾害,阐述了近代地震灾害的特点和发展趋势,指出地震预报既是强烈的社会需求,也是全球性的科学难题,最后较为全面地介绍了我国地震预报的主要进展.     

Conservation as Virtue: a Scientific and Social Process for Conservation Ethics

Abstract:  Most scientists take ethical arguments for conservation as given and focus on scientific or economic questions. Although nature conservation is often considered a just cause, it is given little further consideration. A lack of attention to ethical theory raises serious concerns for how conservation scientists conceive and practice ethics. I contrast two common ways scientists approach ethics, as demonstrated in the writings of Stephen Jay Gould and E. O. Wilson. Gould casts severe doubt as to whether any ethics are possible from science, whereas Wilson proposes science as the only path to ethics. I argue these two methods ultimately limit popular support for conservation and offer Alasdair MacIntyre's "virtue ethics" as an alternative. Unlike Gould and Wilson, MacIntyre provides an ethical theory that reconciles scientific inquiry and social traditions. Recent studies of the Civil Rights Movement in the United States affirm MacIntyre's claims and provide important insights for conservation today. These accounts argue that social solidarity and political success against segregation were possible only as rooted in the particular language, logic, and practices of a robust cultural tradition. If correct, conservation science should attend to several questions. On what basis can conservation achieve widespread cultural legitimacy? What are the particular social currencies for a conservation ethic? What role does science play in such a scheme? MacIntyre's careful positioning of scientific and social traditions provides a hopeful ethical direction for conservation.     

社会支持对智能化矿井矿工违章行为的影响——缓解职业倦怠和心智游移的方法研究*

为明晰智能化矿井矿工的职业倦怠和心智游移水平以及社会支持、职业倦怠和心智游移对矿工违章行为的作用机理,以366名普通矿井矿工和379名智能化矿井矿工为研究对象进行问卷调查,运用AMOS7.0建立社会支持、职业倦怠与心智游移和矿工违章行为之间的结构方程模型（SEM）。结果表明:智能化矿井矿工比普通矿井矿工的职业倦怠水平和心智游移水平高;社会支持和矿工违章行为显著负相关;社会支持不仅可以直接影响矿工违章行为,还可以通过职业倦怠的独立中介作用以及职业倦怠与心智游移的链式中介作用2条路径间接影响矿工违章行为;有效提高矿工的社会支持可以缓解其职业倦怠水平,进而降低心智游移出现频率,最终减少矿工违章行为的发生。研究结果可为智能化矿井的安全生产管理提供科学依据。     

Use of landscape and land use parameters for classification and characterization of watersheds in the mid-Atlantic across five physiographic provinces

The Atlantic Slope Consortium (ASC) is a project designed to develop and test a set of indicators in coastal systems that are ecologically appropriate, economically reasonable, and relevant to society. The suite of indicators will produce integrated assessments of the condition, health and sustainability of aquatic ecosystems based on ecological and socioeconomic information compiled at the scale of estuarine segments and small watersheds. The research mandate of the ASC project is the following:

Using a universe of watersheds, covering a range of social choices, we ask two questions:

• ? How “good” can the environment be, given those social choices?
• ? What is the intellectual model of condition within those choices, i.e., what are the causes of condition and what are the steps for improvement?

As a basis for compiling ecological indicators, a watershed classification system was required for the experimental design. The goal was to develop approximately five categories of watersheds for each physiographic province, utilizing landscape and land use parameters that would be predictive of aquatic resource condition. All 14-digit Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC) watersheds in the Mid-Atlantic region would then be classified according to the regime. Five parameters were utilized for the classification: three land cover categories, consisting of forested, agricultural, and urban, median slope or median elevation, and total variance of land covers in 1-km-radius circles positioned on all stream convergence points in a specified 14-digit?HUC watershed. Cluster analysis utilizing these five parameters resulted in approximately five well-defined watershed classes per physiographic province. The distribution of all watersheds in the Mid-Atlantic region across these categories provides a unique report on the probable condition of watersheds in the region.