湖泊健康评价指标体系及评价方法初探

湖泊健康评价是进行湖泊监测和管理的基础。丰富了湖泊生态系统健康的概念,指出其应当考虑湖泊的各种服务功能。以湖泊生态系统健康概念为基础,构建了湖泊健康评价指标体系,给出16个综合评价指标及各指标评分方法。以四川大学明远湖为例,采用层次分析法（AHP）计算各指标权重,对其进行健康评价,得出健康综合指数为3.55,表明整个湖泊处于＂较健康＂状态,分析了影响湖泊健康状态的疾病因子及湖泊的生态修复方法。     

Incorporating Social Context Variables Into Paired Watershed Designs to Test Nonpoint Source Program Effectiveness1

Prokopy, Linda Stalker, Z. Asligül Göçmen, Jing Gao, Shorna Broussard Allred, Joseph E. Bonnell, Kenneth Genskow, Alicia Molloy, and Rebecca Power, 2011. Incorporating Social Context Variables Into Paired Watershed Designs to Test Nonpoint Source Program Effectiveness. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(1):196‐202. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00508.x Abstract: In a traditional paired watershed study, watersheds are selected to be as similar as possible so that conclusions may be drawn about the performance of Best Management Practices. We have extended the paired watershed concept to examine the effectiveness of watershed management programs by adding comparative criteria for social characteristics. For four different 8 or 11/12 digit hydrologic unit code (HUC) watersheds in the Midwest, we have piloted a systematic method for selecting paired subwatersheds. First, we developed a list of 11 key variables. Next, a factor analysis was conducted to determine the underlying structure of the 11 input variables. Finally, in each of the four watersheds, potential paired subwatersheds (all 14 digit HUCs) were selected using the factors in a cluster analysis. Informal interviews were then held with key informants in each watershed to provide qualitative assessments of criteria that could impact the comparability of the subwatersheds. This method for selecting paired watersheds should be helpful for other researchers to test the effectiveness of watershed management programs focused on behavior change.     

定量风险评价在炼化一体化项目中的应用

本文阐述了定量风险评价的指标、模型和一般程序,给出了定量风险评价的标准,采用定量风险评价的方法对某企业规划建设的炼化一体化项目进行个人风险和社会风险水平计算。个人风险计算结果表明,该炼化一体化项目所在厂区内没有出现1×10-3的风险等值线,1×10-4、1×10-5和1×10-6的风险等值线也没有超出厂区边界,说明该炼化一体化项目厂区内部和周边人员所面临的个人风险是可以接受的。社会风险计算结果表明,该炼化一体化项目的社会风险曲线处在可容许区范围内,没有进入不可容许区和ALARP区,说明该项目的社会风险也是可以接受的。本文采用的定量风险评价方法可为规划或已建炼化一体化项目进行风险水平评估提供必要的参考依据。     

中国近代灾荒史理论探析

中国近代灾荒史是中国灾荒史的断代史.中国近代灾荒史作为一个研究的有机系统,是由灾害、灾荒、灾因、灾荒社会问题、灾荒救治等子系统组成,各系统又有自己的组成要素,这些架构了中国近代灾荒史的学科体系.中国近代灾荒史与灾害学、社会学、经济史、政治军事史、外交史之间有密切的关系,深入研究中国近代灾荒史,加强灾荒史教育,对今天防灾...     

Understanding the normalisation of recycling behaviour and its implications for other pro-environmental behaviours: A review of social norms and recycling

This paper examines our understanding of recycling behaviour in the context of its increasing normalisation in the UK. It reflects on the recent history of dry recycling (i.e. recycling of ‘dry’ materials such as paper, glass, plastics and cans) and asks the question as to what influence policy drivers and the increased provision of facilities for recycling have had on people's behaviour. In reviewing the evidence for recycling being considered a norm, this paper explores what influence norms, habit and identities have on recycling behaviour.It then considers what lessons the evidence offers for using the normalisation of recycling behaviour in influencing more people to recycle and to adopt other sustainable behaviours. The somewhat contentious issue of whether engaging in recycling behaviours has a positive or negative effect on people engaging with other pro-environmental behaviours is discussed. The evidence shows that both positive and negative spillover occurs and understanding where the balance lies, as well as what effect recycling being a norm plays in this, is important in determining appropriate interventions to influence pro-environmental behaviours. The paper concludes with some observations on implications of the evidence on intervention approaches to influence pro-environmental behaviours.     

中国社会发展的战略构想

本文建立了“经济发展主要靠市场,社会发展主要靠政策”的总体调控模式,强调了建立国家级十大调控体系和具体指标体系的必要性,阐述了社会发展战略的立足点,发展观念的转变及发展模式的正确选择。     

三峡工程移民与社会心理

三峡工程移民是关系到三峡工程成败的重要课题。本文从社会心理角度分析探讨了三峡工程对移民心理的作用以及移民的社会心理因素对三峡工程的影响,进而在开发性移民的基础上,提出开发协同式移民的设想,主张不仅应从经济角度考虑,而且还应从社会、心理等多方面研究,以协调人与自然的关系、人与人的关系,达到“天人合一”的境界。     

社会需要的两极保障与社会的稳定发展——关于灾害的若干社会学思考

本文从社会需要的两极保障是社会稳定与发展的前提出发,论述了社会需要、自然环境与灾害的关系;并从发展生产与引导人的需要两方面阐述了维护生态平衡是减灾工作的重点途径之一。     

The Impact of Development and Privatization on Environmental Protection: An International Perspective

The purpose of this paper is to add to the body of knowledge and understanding of the impact of development and privatization on international environmental protection with the focus on balancing social and economic performance for the affected organizations and communities. More specifically, supported by a database of worldwide, regional, and country studies from 1991 to 2000, it is proposed that the role of development and privatization in environmental administration in the international context has negative as well as positive consequences. Moreover, the negative consequences are often masked or go undetected because the effectiveness of development and privatization is based primarily on economic performance. Thus, to obtain a more accurate and realistic determination of the effectiveness of development and privatization, measures of social as well as economic performance and the overall effect on the natural environment should be considered.     

秦岭山区农村社会空间演化研究——以陕西秦岭山区三县为例

社会空间是社会过程与空间过程的有机统一,把握山区农村社会空间的形成、演化,可以为通过空间规划推动乡村振兴提供新的切入点。在对陕西省太白县、柞水县、商州区三个秦岭山区县的农户进行入户调查、县乡调研和文献分析的基础上,采用统计占比分析和相关分析研究山区农村社会的特征,从结构角度分析社会空间的参与者、基本组成和演化类型三个方面的内容。结果表明：（1）在参与农村社会空间演化的过程中,政府的主导作用最为显著,乡村精英起着承上启下的作用,外部工商资本是新的推动力量,本地农民是农村社会空间生成的基质;（2）山区农村社会空间由物理空间、意愿—行动空间和制度空间三个层次有机结合、共同构成;（3）山区农村社会空间的演化过程可以分成生产、分离、转移、扩展、压缩和消亡等几种基本演变类型。通过空间规划中考虑营造植根于农村并能扩展的社会空间,引导山区农村社会在变革中向良性发展,可为乡村振兴战略的具体实施提供指导。