MODELING A SOCIOLOGICAL-HYDROLOGIC FLOOD CONTROL DECISION SYSTEM1

ABSTRACT: This work was the development of a model for analyzing the social components of a flood control or sociological-hydrologic decision process. A general conceptual system was developed from the study of an actual decision. Mathematical values were determined for the social and behavioral variables and these elements were transposed into a mathematical linear model providing a set of equations from which the system could be simulated with the computer.     

LOCAL ATTITUDES TOWARD ALTERNATIVE USES OF A RESERVOIR PROJECT1

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this paper is to examine the correlates of attitudes toward alternative uses which could have been made of public resources employed to construct a multipurpose reservoir. A sample of 303 adult residents of a rural community impacted by lake construction was asked to evaluate several alternative development options which could have been implemented in lieu of the lake project. The alternative options evaluated were: rural industrialization, keeping land in agriculture and forests, improving public services, building a state or national park, drilling water wells for urban water supply, aid to small business, helping poor people, building several smaller impoundments, and private recreation development. The findings revealed the local people preferred the lake project to every option except keeping the land in agriculture and forest. Even this option was not strongly supported when compared with the lake project. Socio-demographic, attitude, and cost assessment factors were investigated using a “vested interest” perspective for hypotheses development. These findings demonstrated that costs and benefits were relatively good predictors of attitudes toward alternative development options and were supportive of the theoretical perspective advanced in this paper.     

THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY1

ABSTRACT: The psychosocial impact of a large water impoundment project upon members of a small farming community located within central Ohio was evaluated using a study-restudy research design. Attitudes toward selected community variables were examined during the initial stages of land acquisition and reevaluated four years later at the completion of the project. The findings revealed that fragmentation of the “social fabric” of the community did not occur. Several statistically significant differences were observed between the two data sets but the findings indicated that community residents held more positive attitudes toward their community following the development action than at the beginning of the project.     

Delivering social sustainability in the inner-city: the transformation of South-West Montreal,Quebec (Canada)

ABSTRACT

This paper analyses how social sustainability is implemented in private-led regeneration processes and which understanding of the “social” foregrounds the implementation of sustainability in Montreal. The case studies are two new residential projects led by the private sector participating in the transformation of the Southwest Borough in Montreal. The analysis is based on six components used to evaluate the operationalisation of social sustainability for new residential projects as well on the analysis of opportunities to negotiate the “social” in the implementation of sustainability. The two case studies, Griffintown and the Bassins-du-Nouveau Havre projects are examples of brownfield regeneration in a former industrial area along the Lachine Canal known as the South West Borough. We have used semi-structured interviews with the stakeholders as the main source for data collection, a review of press articles and an analysis of the principal planning documents related to each project. If the second example is more convincing in regards to the operationalisation of social sustainability, there is a lack of incentives for developers to integrate social sustainability principles in their development in the Montreal context. Planning instruments should impose more constraints on developers and municipalities should have more financial resources to negotiate with developers what the “social” should be.     

交通运输生命线灾害经济效益损失计算

生命线灾害的经济损失分为财产损失、救灾费用和效益损失;每种经济损失又分为企业经济损失和社会经济损失。文章提出了交通运输生命线灾害社会效益损失的计算方法,给出了灾害造成的运输费用和运输时间增加等１５个项目的计算内容和计算公式;计算中分别考虑了正常运输量、外部转移运输量、内部分流运输量、诱发运输量等损失变化所造成的社会经济效益损失。     

STRATEGY FOR DYNAMIC REGIONAL WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION1

ABSTRACT Water resources planning has emphasized the consideration of alternatives in the formulation of goals and objectives. With greater availability of data and projection models, optimization of plans is now much nearer to accomplishment. In contrast to these favorable aspects of planning, increased complexity of plans and large number of alternatives serving differing sets of goals have extended the time horizons from initial plan formulation to eventual implementation. In this paper a man-machine strategy is proposed to reduce the time required for decision making and conflict resolution. A panel of representatives of the decision makers, influentials and publics involved are selected and brought through a series of dynamic planning steps that simulate real time decision making. Computer interaction graphics is used to visualize the decision making process and to illustrate where and why conflict arises. A mechanism for resolution of conflict and retention of consistency in policy formulation using a cognograph is described.     

防洪减灾观念的理论进展--灾害双重属性概念及其科学哲学基础

提出灾害的双重属性概念,是国际减灾十年活动中的重要理论进展之一,已被国家防洪减灾主管部门所采纳,被认为是防洪减灾方针转变的理论基础.作者总结了多年来的研究心得,论述了灾害双重属性概念的实质,以及它和工程与非工程相结合的减灾措施之异同.论述了这个科学概念系来源于我国传统治水理念和西方现代防洪减灾思想,并阐述了这一概念的科学和哲学基础.     

不同主体的旅游开发对社会的影响--以云南石林景区为例

采用问卷调查和新测量模型相结合的方式对云南石林景区进行了实证研究,比较分析了旅游地居民和旅游者对旅游开发活动带来的旅游社会影响的不同态度,得出不同的主体对旅游社会影响的态度差异性和趋同性,并提出了具体的对策和实现途径,以期为下一步的旅游调整性规划提供有益参考.     

Private and public interests in water and energy

Based on empirical evidence from developed, transition and developing countries, the article looks at how the introduction of private operators’ interests into the water supply/sanitation and energy sectors may conflict with public interests in socio‐economic, environmental and political dimensions. Case studies are used to illustrate the dynamics of these interactions, covering phenomena such as unsolicited proposals, misrepresentation and corruption; the exploitation of established positions by taking advantage of asymmetry of information and negotiating capacity in relation to public authorities; and exit from contracts or concessions when acceptable profitability cannot be attained. This experience indicates that the introduction of private companies into these sectors creates the permanent possibility of conflict between private and public interests. The services are too vital both socially and economically to rely on corporate self‐regulation, and countries lack effective capacity to regulate such corporations. The authors conclude that policies relying on corporate activity in these sectors are unnecessarily risky, and that policy development should focus on building strong public sector institutions to provide these services.     

维护生态环境 促进经济发展

本文阐述了生态环境与社会经济之间的关系，探讨了保护环境、资源对发展经济的作用。