Successes and Challenges from Formation to Implementation of Eleven Broad‐Extent Conservation Programs

Integration of conservation partnerships across geographic, biological, and administrative boundaries is increasingly relevant because drivers of change, such as climate shifts, transcend these boundaries. We explored successes and challenges of established conservation programs that span multiple watersheds and consider both social and ecological concerns. We asked representatives from a diverse set of 11 broad‐extent conservation partnerships in 29 countries 17 questions that pertained to launching and maintaining partnerships for broad‐extent conservation, specifying ultimate management objectives, and implementation and learning. Partnerships invested more funds in implementing conservation actions than any other aspect of conservation, and a program's context (geographic extent, United States vs. other countries, developed vs. developing nation) appeared to substantially affect program approach. Despite early successes of these organizations and benefits of broad‐extent conservation, specific challenges related to uncertainties in scaling up information and to coordination in the face of diverse partner governance structures, conflicting objectives, and vast uncertainties regarding future system dynamics hindered long‐term success, as demonstrated by the focal organizations. Engaging stakeholders, developing conservation measures, and implementing adaptive management were dominant challenges. To inform future research on broad‐extent conservation, we considered several challenges when we developed detailed questions, such as what qualities of broad‐extent partnerships ensure they complement, integrate, and strengthen, rather than replace, local conservation efforts and which adaptive management processes yield actionable conservation strategies that account explicitly for dynamics and uncertainties regarding multiscale governance, environmental conditions, and knowledge of the system? Éxitos y Retos de la Formación a la Implementación de Once Programas de Conservación de Amplio Alcance     

Practical Science Communication Strategies for Graduate Students

Development of skills in science communication is a well‐acknowledged gap in graduate training, but the constraints that accompany research (limited time, resources, and knowledge of opportunities) make it challenging to acquire these proficiencies. Furthermore, advisors and institutions may find it difficult to support graduate students adequately in these efforts. The result is fewer career and societal benefits because students have not learned to communicate research effectively beyond their scientific peers. To help overcome these hurdles, we developed a practical approach to incorporating broad science communication into any graduate‐school time line. The approach consists of a portfolio approach that organizes outreach activities along a time line of planned graduate studies. To help design the portfolio, we mapped available science communication tools according to 5 core skills essential to most scientific careers: writing, public speaking, leadership, project management, and teaching. This helps graduate students consider the diversity of communication tools based on their desired skills, time constraints, barriers to entry, target audiences, and personal and societal communication goals. By designing a portfolio with an advisor's input, guidance, and approval, graduate students can gauge how much outreach is appropriate given their other commitments to teaching, research, and classes. The student benefits from the advisors’ experience and mentorship, promotes the group's research, and establishes a track record of engagement. When graduate student participation in science communication is discussed, it is often recommended that institutions offer or require more training in communication, project management, and leadership. We suggest that graduate students can also adopt a do‐it‐yourself approach that includes determining students’ own outreach objectives and time constraints and communicating these with their advisor. By doing so we hope students will help create a new culture of science communication in graduate student education. Estrategias Prácticas para la Comunicación Científica para Estudiantes de Posgrado     

旅游产业财政补贴、社会责任与经济绩效——来自中国A股旅游上市公司的经验证据

从国家和旅游企业自身的角度出发,构建了社会、政府和员工三方面的社会责任评价指标体系,以A股19家旅游上市公司连续6年的数据为样本,对财政补贴、旅游企业社会责任和经济效益三者之间的关系进行了实证分析.实证结果表明,国家财政补贴可有效地激励旅游企业吸纳就业人员,但对员工福利水平的影响不明显,员工的福利水平长期被忽视.此外,基于企业履行社会责任视角,旅游企业主动履行社会责任需要付出一定的经济成本.因此,国家应继续加大对旅游业的财政补贴力度以达到缓解社会就业压力的目的;旅游企业应当积极地与政府、员工、社会建立良好的社会关系网络,重视员工的福利水平.     

废物回收系统的社会评价方法

发展中国家已经将非正式回收系统进行了几次正规化,其目的是将其整合入正式的回收系统,其目的不仅仅是解决经济问题。而且还包括了非正规回收行业的社会问题,例如：社会歧视、教育的缺失以及健康和工作条件问题。然而,往往不能得到准确、正面的社会影响的评价和测量。本文的目的是根据社会生命周期评价法,用正确的手段对发展中国家的回收系统评价开发方法。以秘鲁城市案例研究表现了应用这一方法评价回收系统的案例显示了关于歧视、公认就业关系、社会效益的实现、体力工作条件和接受教育指标的负面绩效。关于结社自由、心理工作条件和社会的接受,城市回收业（从前的非正规）形成了较好的评价,而对于工作时间、最低、公平工资并没有获得好的评价。     

环境正义研究前沿及其启示

环境正义不仅是重大的现实问题,也是不同学科和领域研究的焦点。通过对国内环境正义研究文献的梳理,比较分析环境正义所涉学科、内容和方法后发现：环境正义研究呈现出多学科视角、多元化主题和学科交叉趋势,但研究体系不够完善,缺乏理论创新;亟待构建中国特色环境正义理论体系和分析框架,总结中国环境正义研究案例和解决模式;环境正义概念多而不统一,混杂而不明确,需进一步厘清和辨明;考虑多维内涵、多重维度和多维原则,建构和完善环境正义概念体系;环境正义问题主要表现在多尺度区域和多类型群体两个层面,环境强势群体（区域）与弱势群体（区域）的环境权责不对等是焦点;城乡环境正义问题广受关注,需加强经济弱势地区和环境弱势地区环境正义研究;解决环境正义问题的政策措施缺乏系统性考量和可操作性,在具体的社会文化和地方情境中探讨环境正义及其解决之道是重点;按照问题的轻重缓急,分区域分群体逐步消除环境不正义;环境正义评价标准欠缺,不同学科数据和方法交叉融合不足。未来环境正义研究的重点和难点在于：建构一个问题导向的、跨学科交叉的环境正义理论框架;精确表征和测度环境（不）正义;模拟多尺度、多主体的环境正义演变过程;基于地方性加强环境正义的典型案例研究。     

我国旅游业碳排放的空间关联性及其影响因素

为全面厘清我国旅游业碳排放的空间网络结构特征,基于2000-2015年我国各省（自治区、直辖市）旅游业碳排放相关数据（不含西藏自治区和港澳台地区数据,下同）,结合修正的引力模型,构建旅游业碳排放的空间关联关系;采用社会网络分析法,深入剖析我国旅游业碳排放的空间关联性及其影响因素.结果表明:①2000-2015年,我国旅游业碳排放的空间网络关联度始终为1,其网络关系数与网络密度持续增加,而网络等级度与网络效率平稳下降.②上海市、浙江省、江苏省、北京市、天津市等东部经济发达地区在网络中处于核心位置,对旅游业碳排放空间关联性的影响显著;而海南省、云南省、广西壮族自治区、青海省、吉林省等在网络中居于边缘位置,对旅游业碳排放空间关联性的影响微弱.③广西壮族自治区、贵州省、新疆维吾尔自治区等归为"净溢出"板块,河北省、甘肃省、陕西省等处于"经纪人"板块,北京市、天津市、内蒙古自治区等归为"双向溢出"板块,江苏省、浙江省、上海市等属于"净受益"板块.④空间邻接关系、城镇化水平差异在1%的显著性水平上对旅游业碳排放空间关联性起正向促进作用,旅游消费水平差异和产业结构差异分别在5%和10%的显著性水平上与旅游业碳排放空间关联性呈正相关,能源消耗差异在1%的显著性水平上与其呈负相关.研究显示,我国整体旅游业碳排放空间关联性愈趋紧密,但仍存在较大改良空间,各板块间的空间关联性有待进一步加强.      

社会减灾能力信任及水灾风险感知的区域对比——基于江西九江和宜春公众的调查

研究公众对社会减灾能力及灾害风险的认识，有助于从公众视角揭示风险潜在因素，不仅是进行风险沟通的必备环节，还可以为开展有效的减灾宣传教育、提高公众减灾意识提供决策依据。通过社会调查（221份样本）和统计分析方法，比较了江西九江、宜春公众对于社会减灾能力的信任及水灾风险感知。结果表明，公众对于社会减灾能力基本持信任态度，信任度高低排序为：灾害监测预报>政府应急>防灾工程>预警传播，其中宜春公众的信任度较高；公众对于水灾的风险感知较弱，尤其是宜春公众认为水灾发生、受灾的可能性很小；公众的信任与对区域减灾能力的了解无关，主要是受到受灾经历（受灾次数、灾情损失、灾后救援）的影响，即区域本底灾害风险的高低导致公众认知的差异，风险较高区域（九江）的公众具有更为明确的降低风险的行为倾向及意愿。     

从可持续发展看两大部类生产理论丰富和发展

两大部类生产理论是马克思政治经济学的社会再生产理论，它的潜在假定之一是人类的经济活动没有超过资源与环境的承载能力。在分析传统两大部类生产与自然环境之间关系的基础上，增加了生产环境资源的第0部类，从而构建了面向可持续发展的三大部类生产理论。在社会总资本重新划分的基础上，对三大部类简单再生产的实现条件以及不同生产条件下的三大部类的生产状况进行了研究。     

可持续发展中的规划问题

本文首先从系统论的角度对规划的本质特征进行了初步的探讨。阐述了规划作为一种手段在社会可持续发展中的意义。规划是将现实世界与理性世界的人类生活模式和思维模式整合在一起的过程。使社会有序、和谐的运行。规划的体系结构由战略规划、整体规划、部门规划、空间规划构成，在规划的层次性和时效性的关联下而形成。规划的对象和内容依人们对自然(生态)秩序、社会秩序、政治秩序、技术秩序和经济秩序等的不同理解和追求而具体确定。