Social Capital in Biodiversity Conservation and Management

Abstract:  The knowledge and values of local communities are now being acknowledged as valuable for biodiversity conservation. Relationships of trust, reciprocity and exchange, common rules, norms and sanctions, and connectedness in groups are what make up social capital, which is a necessary resource for shaping individual action to achieve positive biodiversity outcomes. Agricultural and rural conservation programs address biodiversity at three levels: agrobiodiversity on farms, nearby nature in landscapes, and protected areas. Recent initiatives that have sought to build social capital have shown that rural people can improve their understanding of biodiversity and agroecological relationships at the same time as they develop new social rules, norms, and institutions. This process of social learning helps new ideas to spread and can lead to positive biodiversity outcomes over large areas. New ideas spread more rapidly where there is high social capital. There remain many practical and policy difficulties, however, not least regarding the need to invest in social capital formation and the many unresolved questions of how the state views communities empowered to make their own decisions. Nonetheless, attention to the value of social relations, in the form of trust, reciprocal arrangements, locally developed rules, norms and sanctions, and emergent institutions, has clearly been shown to deliver a biodiversity dividend in many contexts. This suggests a need to blend both the biological and social elements of conservation.     

新疆尉犁县西尼尔区生态环境建设初步研究

以新疆南部孔雀河流域中游地区的尉犁县西尼尔区为例 ,在分析了该区的主要生态环境问题、水资源现状和可用水量的基础上 ,对该区的生态环境建设做出规划。     

荒漠化监测中生态环境与社会经济评价指标体系及评价方法的研究

在对荒漠化地区生态环境与社会经济评介基础分析的基础上，提出了荒漠化监测中生态环境与社会经济综合评价指标体系及评价标准，建立了初步的评价模型。并以宁夏自治区作为试点区域，对评价指标体系及其评价方法进行了验证。     

城市环境问题与生态调控

应用复合生态系统理论系统分析了城市生态系统的组成、结构和功能特点，介绍了城市生态调控的主要方法及生态规划、生态工程、生态管理的研究内容。生态学原理及城市复合生态系统理论指导下的城市生态调控，是解决我国城市发展与环境保护问题，最终实现人与自然和谐统一、人与环境共同进化的重要途径。     

A Method for Constructing a Social Vulnerability Index: An Application to Hurricane Storm Surges in a Developed Country

An important goal of vulnerability assessment is to create an index of overall vulnerability from a suite of indicators. Constructing a vulnerability index raises several problems in the aggregation of these indicators, including the decision of assigning weights to them. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate a method of aggregating vulnerability indicators that results in a composite index of vulnerability, but that avoids the problems associated with assigning weights. The investigators apply a technique based on Pareto ranking to a complex, developed socioeconomic landscape exposed to storm surges associated with hurricanes. Indicators of social vulnerability to this hazard are developed and a principal components analysis is performed on proxies for these indicators. Overall social vulnerability is calculated by applying Pareto ranking to these principal components. The paper concludes that it is possible to construct an effective index of vulnerability without weighting the individual vulnerability indicators.     

连云港市环境与社会经济协调发展研究

将可持续发展指标作为环境与社会经济协调发展程度的研究指标体系 ,按照协调发展度的大小将环境与社会经济的协调发展状况划分为 3大类 1 0小类 30个基本类型。研究表明 ,连云港市协调发展度逐年提高 ,目前处于勉强协调发展类环境滞后型     

边际社会成本理论在环评中应用的实例分析

论述了边际社会成本理论与环境经济评价的步骤和方法，以武夷山东旅高尔夫球场建设项目为例，估算了该项目的边际环境成本，较真实的评价了建设项目的经济、环境的可行性，并指出环境影响经济评价是我国环评制度发展的方向。     

旅游资源及其评价过程与机制:技术性评价到社会建构视角

合理评价旅游资源,发掘具有价值的潜在旅游资源,是促进旅游产业发展的重要基础。采用文献分析法,结合理论与实践,系统梳理回顾我国旅游资源评价的发展历程,分析旅游资源评价变迁所经历的三个不同阶段及其基本特征,并尝试探索转变的关键驱动力和影响机制。研究发现:我国的旅游资源评价经历了“要素评价—综合评价—社会评价”的过程,与旅游资源相对应的旅游吸引物等概念也被广泛接受和使用,在此过程中,政策、资本、社会经济、客源市场结构和信息传播媒介等是不同阶段转变的主要影响因素。未来的旅游资源评价将更注重实用性和可持续性及游客的需求和体验,并关注其经济、政治、文化、社会和生态综合价值;而新技术如5G的应用,会提高旅游资源（吸引物）的可视化和提高评价效率。     

1990—2014年中国煤炭运输网络的时空特征研究

煤炭资源在中国能源生产和消费中起到举足轻重的地位,“北富南贫、西多东少”的煤炭资源区域分布特征促成了煤炭运输网络的形成和演化。论文基于1990—2014年中国31个省（市、区,香港、澳门、台湾缺少数据,未包含）的煤炭输出输入矩阵数据,采用社会网络分析方法,分析了中国煤炭运输网络的整体时空演变特征,以及各网络节点在煤炭运输网络中的地位作用。研究结果表明：1）中国煤炭运输网络密度呈现波动状态,经历1990—2000年的快速提升、2000—2010年的先减速后加速与2010—2014年的缓速增长,局部波动原因与煤炭政策变化、煤炭产能过剩、海外进口增多等相关。2）煤炭网络外向中心势显著大于内向中心势,煤炭调出集中控制在少数省区,而煤炭调入具有普遍需求性。3）基于网络凝聚子群分析,中国煤炭运输网络可以分为东北-华北地区、中南地区、东南地区、西南地区和西北地区5个子群,各子群之间的网络联系差异较大。4）基于对31个省（市、区）程度中心性、接近中心性、中间中心性的分析,煤炭运输网络核心节点发生了较大变化,山西的网络控制力有所下滑,内蒙古和陕西影响力近年显著上升甚至超过山西,贵州、河北、湖南、辽宁的控制作用提升成为核心节点,河南、四川、宁夏、山东、江苏、甘肃等核心作用明显跌落。     

环境法中预防性民事责任形式的探讨

分析了传统民法中损害赔偿责任在环境法中的局限性、并对停止侵害、排除妨碍、消除危险等预防性民事责任形式在环境法中的意义和作用,进行了探讨。同时,依据环境、经济、社会效益相统一的原则,论述了在确认预防性民事责任中,进行利益衡量的重要性。