上海市地表水水质近20年的变化

利用1983-1999年的水质监测数据和有关的自然社会经济统计数据，研究了上海市地表水水质近20年的变化，并对影响水质变化的自然社会经济因素进行了探讨，研究发现：（1）上海市近20年的地表水水质变化可分为缓慢恶化，加速恶化和逐渐改善3个阶段，1996年是水质变化趋势的转折点；（2）水质变化主要受人类社会经济活动影响，与水文气象因素相关性较小；93）农牧业，生活污染是影响水质变化的主要因素；（4）农牧业，生活污染的迅速上升趋势受到遏制，工业污染持续减少，而城市污水处理能力呈跳跃式大幅度增长，是水质恶化趋势发生逆转的根本原因；（5）上海市的高度城市化进程在1996年后已转变为地表水水质改善的积极动力和重要原因。     

资源节约型社会综合评价指标体系研究

资源节约型社会是指以满足人们的生活质量为前提,将节约理念贯穿于各个领域,以最少的资源消耗获取最大的经济效益和社会效益,实现可持续发展。根据资源节约型社会的内涵和特征,遵循指标体系构建原则,结合我国实际,建立了资源节约型社会综合评价指标体系,该指标体系包括4个层次和39个指标。利用熵值法确定评价指标权重,最后通过2个节约指数来综合反映区域构建资源节约型社会的状况。根据以上指标体系,对全国1990-2004年的资源节约状况进行了综合评价,结果显示我国总体上处于弱节约状态,且评价期内各子系统先后经历了基本协调发展、较协调发展、高度协调发展状态,我国距离资源节约型社会仍有很大距离。     

Linking Local Sustainability Initiatives with Environmental Justice

Beyond adopting sustainability as a feel-good slogan, many communities are trying to translate this general principle into specific and measurable terms. Community indicators are being introduced as a tool for analysis and community development in US cities from Seattle, WA to Jacksonville, FL. Most efforts acknowledge that sustainability ought to serve communities as a whole; rather than privilege certain elites, sustainability should build social equity. Using a web-based methodology, this research reviews sustainability efforts in 33 of the largest US cities to see which have addressed environmental justice as a dimension of sustainability. Five projects are identified and their programmes are summarised in terms of educational, policy and implementation content. KEE WARNER, Enlazando Iniciativas de Sostenibilidad Local con Justicia Ambiental . Más allá de adoptar la sostenibilidad como un lema para estar bien, muchas comunidades estan tratando de trasladar este principio general en términos específicos y medibles. Indicadores comunitarios esta´n siendo introducidos como una herramienta para el análisis y el desarrollo comunitario en ciudades americanas como Seattle, Washington a Jacksonville, Florida. La mayoría de los esfuerzos reconocen que la sostenibilidad tiene que servir a las comunidades como un todo; más que privilegiar ciertas élites, la sostenibilidad debe construir equidad social. Usando una metodolgía basada en la red, esta investigación estudia los esfuerzos para promover la sostenibilidad en treinta y tres de las mas grandes ciudades de los Estados Unidos para ver cual a dirijido justicia ambiental como una dimensión de sostenibilidad. Cinco proyectos son indentificados y sus programas son resumidos en términos de contenido educacional, político y de implementacio´n.     

Devastating earthquakes facilitating civil societies in developing countries: across-national analysis

ABSTRACT

Developing countries, which often have emerging or fledgling civil societies, are vulnerable to disasters, and especially devastating earthquakes. The long-term influence of devastating earthquakes on civil societies in developing countries is a critical research topic while receives relatively little attention. From a comprehensive literature review, this study identified four key areas of the civil society: civic participation, voluntary organizations, social capital, and democratic governance, and then examined four devastating earthquakes in India, Iran, Pakistan and China in the first decade of the twenty-first century as case studies, to identify the effects these earthquakes had on these four areas. It was found that from a long-term perspective, while the earthquakes strengthened the civil society, they had beneficial but limited effects. We argue that by promoting local community participation, facilitating extensive non-government organization (NGO) cooperation, and streamlining state-civil society relationships, an enabling environment can be developed to further sustain the advances made by a civil society after a disaster.     

人口健康与社会可持续发展

人口健康是影响社会可持续发展的重要因素之一。近些年来 ,尽管我国人口健康水平有了明显的提高 ,但与社会可持续发展的要求仍然存在着较大的差距。本文从健康人口学的研究领域和对象出发 ,从回顾了中国人口健康方面主要的现状。同时 ,分析了人口健康与社会可持续发展的相互关系     

加快生态文化建设促进社会和谐进步

阐述了在构建和谐社会的过程中，加快建设生态文化的必然性和重要性，分析了生态文化建设对构建和谐社会的促进作用和中国生态文化建设存在的问题，进一步探讨了生态文化建设的内容并提出了建议。     

目前医患关系现状及对策研究

医患关系是社会关系的组成部分，医患关系是医疗实践活动中最基本的人际关系，良好的医患沟通是实现以病人为中心，促进社会和谐的基础．医患关系作为一种最基本的社会关系，已普遍受到人们的关注，它随着医学模式的发展，不断发生新的变化．目前我国经济正沿着市场化的轨迹发展，医疗制度改革也在深入进行，这对构建和谐医患关系提出了新的挑战和考验，要想构建和谐的医患关系，必须医方、患方、社会三者共同努力，国家增加卫生投资力度，准确定位医疗机构的性质，确保广大中低档人群的基本健康等实际问题已摆在我们面前，只有从根本上解决群众“看病难、看病贵”的问题，才能实现医患关系真正意义上的融洽．同时我们还要看到，理想化的期待与非理想化的现实差距是客观存在，融洽医患关系是一个漫长的过程，需要我们在健全法制的同时提高自律的约束，只有以诚信为杠杆、人文为基石，才能真正实现理想状态下的医患关系，即充满同情心的医生和对医生充满信任的病人．参8．     

Scenario study for a regional low-carbon society

Japan should undertake drastic greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions by the middle of this century in order to mitigate climate change problems. Municipalities should design and execute scenarios toward a low-carbon society suited to their respective regions. This study describes long-term future visions developed for Shiga Prefecture targeting CO₂ emission reductions of 30–50% by 2030, and presents scenarios to attain these targets, which are achievable with mild economic growth. For targets over a 30% reduction, region-specific measures including land-use reform and citizen behavioral changes are necessary. Compared with other regions in Japan, Shiga should give priority to a modal shift in transport, efficiency improvements in industry, and photovoltaic energy generation.     

基于熵权法的节水型社会建设区域类型分析

针对节水型社会建设中重点不突出、目标不明确的问题,通过熵权法及模糊综合评价法建立了节水型社会区域类型评价模型。从水资源、社会经济和节水潜力3个方面构建了包含12项指标的节水型社会区域类型评价体系。采用熵权法计算区域类型评价指标的权重向量,通过模糊综合评价法计算出不同区域在水资源条件、社会经济条件、节水潜力大小的评价值,进而得到相应的节水型社会建设区域类型。将模型应用到陕西省节水型社会建设区域类型划分中,从结果可以得出关中为“中度缺水-中度发达-潜力较小”型、陕北为“严重缺水-较发达-潜力较大”型、陕南为“轻度缺水-欠发达-潜力较大”型。该模型能够较客观地反映出节水型社会建设的区域特点及建设重点,应用实例具有普遍适用性。     

Risk and the neoliberal state: why post-Mitch lessons didn't reduce El Salvador's earthquake losses

Although El Salvador suffered light losses from Hurricane Mitch in 1998, it benefited from the increased international aid and encouragement for advance planning, especially mitigation and prevention interventions. Thus, one would have supposed, El Salvador would have been in a very advantageous position, able more easily than its economically crippled neighbours, Honduras and Nicaragua, to implement the 'lessons of Mitch'. A review of the recovery plan tabled by the El Salvador government following the earthquakes of early 2001 shows that despite the rhetoric in favour of 'learning the lessons of Mitch', very little mitigation and prevention had actually been put in place between the hurricane (1998) and the earthquakes (2001). The recovery plan is analysed in terms of the degree to which it deals with root causes of disaster vulnerability, namely, the economic and political marginality of much of the population and environmental degradation. An explanation for the failure to implement mitigation and preventive actions is traced to the adherence by the government of El Salvador to an extreme form of neoliberal, free market ideology, and the deep fissures and mistrust in a country that follow a long and bloody civil war.