退化草原碱蓬土壤微生物生物量的季节动态模型

研究了东北退化草原土壤微生物生物量的季节变化,生态因子的季节变化以及生态因子对土壤微生物生物量的综合作用规律,微生物生物量W和呼吸速率W1的季节动态呈单峰上凸式曲线变化,8月份的有明显的高峰值出现,其值为：w/mg g^-1=4.9,w1/mg g^-1d^-1=28.1,同时利用IRM模型研究了生态因子对土壤微生物生物量变化的综合作用规律;Mt △Mto[1 （0.21rn-w1)△t],生态因子对土壤微生物生长的综合作用指数rn在整个生长季节的变化范围为：0.0273-0.7264,其中7-8月份rn较大,对微生物生长的限制作用较小,微生物生长较快,5月、6月、9月和10月rn较小,对微生物生长的限制作用较大,微生物生长较慢。     

氯化铁和硫酸铁对酸性土壤中有效态镉和铅污染的修复作用

采用浸泡实验法研究了氯化铁和硫酸铁对酸性土壤中有效态镉和铅污染的修复效果,结果表明,氯化铁和硫酸铁均能有效去除土壤有效态镉和铅污染,Fe(Ⅲ)用量为50~100 mmol/kg时,有效态Cd和Pb的去除效果可达70%~96%。氯化铁和硫酸铁能去除土壤中的水溶态、碳酸盐结合态、腐殖酸结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和强有机结合态Cd和Pb及交换态Cd。氯化铁和硫酸铁对Cd均既有洗脱修复作用又有固定修复作用,且洗脱修复作用的贡献稍大;氯化铁用量较小时(50 mmol/kg)对Pb既有固定修复又有洗脱修复作用,固定修复作用稍大;用量较大时(100 mmol /kg),对Pb只有洗脱修复作用。硫酸铁对Pb的修复作用则以固定修复作用为主,洗脱修复作用很小。     

植物对Cd-B[α]P复合污染土壤的修复

为了研究植物对Cd-B[α]P复合污染土壤的修复效果,本研究采取实验室模拟实验的方法,通过种植黑麦草、芥菜、苜蓿和高羊茅,进行Cd、B[α]P污染土壤修复植物的筛选。结果表明,芥菜和黑麦草对土壤中有效态Cd均有富集能力。黑麦草对B[α]P污染土壤修复效果比苜蓿、高羊茅的修复效果强,75 d时,平均富集系数最高为1.1。在Cd-B[α]P复合污染土壤植物修复效果的研究中,选择在土壤中种植黑麦草,结果表明,黑麦草对Cd-B[α]P复合污染土壤中Cd和B[α]P 有良好地去除作用,75 d时,分别达到58.55%和89.95%。     

磷肥钝化修复重金属污染土壤及其环境风险

磷肥广泛应用于农田重金属污染土壤钝化修复,但不同类型磷肥对多种重金属复合污染土壤的修复效果及其环境风险尚不明确。通过室内土壤培养和土柱淋溶模拟实验,研究枸溶性磷肥-钙镁磷肥(CMP)和水溶性磷肥-磷酸二氢钾(MPP)对重金属Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn复合污染土壤的钝化效果以及磷在土壤剖面中的淋溶损失特征。结果表明,CMP和MPP施用量(以P₂O₅计)为8 g·kg⁻¹时,Pb、Cd的钝化率分别为35.05%和71.72%、31.76%和40.99%,而Cu、Zn则出现一定程度的活化(最高达29.62%)。MPP对Pb的钝化效果显著优于CMP,但对Cd而言,2者差异不明显,且磷肥用量的成倍增加并不能显著提升钝化效果。土柱中土壤全磷、有效磷和淋溶液总磷的质量分数均随着深度(20~65 cm)递增而显著下降,且在某一深度上随着施磷量(1~8 g·kg⁻¹)的增加而显著升高。MPP在高用量下造成的磷淋溶风险显著大于CMP。采用磷肥钝化修复复合重金属污染土壤应综合重金属类型、钝化效果以及潜在的磷流失风险,选择适当的磷肥种类和用量。本研究结果可为磷肥钝化修复重金属污染土壤提供参考。     

Emission control for precursors causing acid rain (V): Improvement of acid soil with the bio-briquette combustion ash

The bio-briquette technique which mixes coal, biomass and sulfur fixation agent and bio-briquettes under 3-5 t/cm^2 line pressure has aroused people‘s attention in view of controlling the air pollution and the acid rain. In this paper, the physicochemical properties of bio-briquette and its ash were investigated. And the acid soil was improved by the bio-briquette combustion ash, which contained nutritive substances such as P, N, K and had the acid-neutralizing capacity(ANC). The pH, EC, effective nutrient elements(Ca, Mg, K, P and N), heavy metal elements(AI, Cu, Cd, Cr, Zn and Mn) and acid-neutralizing capacity change of ash-added soils within the range of 0-10%, were also studied. Specially, when 5% bio-briquette combustion ash was added to the tested soil, the content of the effective elements such as Ca, Mg and K rose by 100 times, ? times and twice, respectively. The total nitrogen also increased by about twice. The results showed the oxyanions such as that of AI, Cu, Cd, Cr, Zn and Mn were not potentially dangerous, because they were about the same as the averages of them in Chinese soil. It is shown that the ANC became stronger, though the ANC hardly increases in the ash-added soil. On the basis of the evaluation indices, it is concluded that the best mixture ratio is to add 2.5%--8% of the bio-briquette combustion ash to the tested soil.     

Toxic elements leaching in different soils affected by the spill from the aznalcollar pyrite mine (Sevilla,Spain)

A study has been made of the leaching of Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu, Tl and As in three representative soils of the zone affected by the spill from a pyrite mine in Aznalcollar (Sevilla, Spain) employing packed soil columns. According to the breakthrough and cumulative leaching curves, the relative mobilities of the different toxic elements in the columns are as follows: Tl > Cd > Zn > As > Cu > Pb. The results also show that the soils themselves have a good capacity for immobilizing the soluble fraction of the elements from the spilled mud, this capacity varying as follows: clayey soil with a high carbonate content > clayey soil with a moderate carbonate content > sandy‐clay loam soil with a low carbonate content. The results obtained in the work are a valuable contribution to the necessary assessment of the impact of the toxic spill on underground waters.     

The correlation of total and extractable heavy metals from soil and domestic sewage sludge and their transfer to maize ( Zea mays L.) plants

A study to understand the mobility and transport of heavy metals (HMs) from soil and soil amended with sewage sludge to maize plants was carried out. The total and ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid (EDTA)-extractable HMs in agricultural soil and untreated domestic sewage sludge samples, and the correlation between the total and extractable metals in soil and sewage sludge were carried out. Pot experiments were performed to study the transfer of HMs to maize grains, grown in soil (control) and in soil amended with sewage sludge (test samples). The total and extractable HMs in soil, sewage sludge, and maize grains were analysed by FAAS/ETAAS (flame atomic absorption spectrometer/electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer) after digestion in microwave oven. Statistically significant correlations were obtained between the total contents of Cu, Cd, As and their respective extractable fractions in soil, while in domestic wastewater sludge (DWS) the better correlation was observed only for Ni and Cd. The edible part of maize plants (grains) from test samples presented high concentration of Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd, Cu, As, and Cr concentrations (80.7–85.6, 3.8–3.95, 2.35–2.5, 0.75–0.82, 3.21–3.29, 0.23–0.27, and 0.22–0.29?mg?kg^?1, respectively). Good correlations were found between metals in exchangeable fractions of both soil and DWS and total metals in control and test samples of maize grains. The transfer factor of all HMs from DWS to maize grains was also determined.     

Dissolution behavior of metals from particulate matter emissions

Exposure to air particulate matter (PM) is linked to numerous health effects. In order to improve the understanding of the role of its metallic components, their solubility was examined by using serial short-contact dissolutions totalling 1?h and additional sequential contact periods of 1, 4, and 8 days. The dissolution experiments were performed in solutions containing the main biological electrolytes. ICPMS determinations were used to quantify the dissolved metals. The total compositions were determined after closed vessel microwave digestion. Large variations in the rate and completeness of the dissolutions were observed. Fast and extensive dissolutions within the short-contact time (e.g., Zn, Cd) as well as slow dissolutions persisting during the last contact period (e.g., Ni, Cu, Sb, Pb) were found for smelting emissions. The multi-element determinations also made it possible to identify relationships between dissolution of different metals and define gradual composition changes of residual PM. When comparing with dissolutions performed in de-ionized water, similar major fractions were observed at short-contact time for minor components of smelting or combustion emissions (e.g., V, Ni, Cd), suggesting a preponderance of easily available forms at the surface of the relatively inert particle cores. The use of these time sequential methods may help in (1) modeling metal partitioning in biological media and (2) investigating the causes of adverse effects attributed to air PM.     

Lead distribution in rats following respiratory exposure to lead-contaminated soils

Two preliminary experiments were performed to explore the use of an intratracheal instillation technique as a cost-effective method of determining the biokinetics of lead (Pb) following respiratory exposure to Pb-contaminated soils. A novel intratracheal instillation procedure was refined and used to deliver a defined dose of Pb-contaminated soil or PbAc to the lower respiratory tract of rats. In the first experiment, rats were sacrificed at numerous time intervals post-dosing, and liver, kidney, blood, and bone tissues were collected for Pb analysis. In the second experiment, rats were dosed with Pb-contaminated soil or PbAc via intratracheal instillation or gastric gavage. All rats were sacrificed 96 h after dose administration and tissues were collected for lead analysis. Data from these experiments indicate Pb is well-absorbed following intratracheal instillation of Pb-contaminated soil, and the intratracheal instillation technique could be used as a cost effective method for exploring the biokinetics of Pb in Pb-contaminated soils following respiratory tract exposure.     

Nickel in the muscle tissues of freshwater fish from north eastern Poland should not cause human health concerns

Excessive intake of nickel (Ni) is known to produce adverse health effects in humans, including carcinogenicity and allergenicity. The main route of exposure for humans is diet, including fish. There is, however, little information concerning Ni content in freshwater fish in Poland. The aim of the study was to determine the concentrations of Ni in meat tissues of three fish species from north eastern Poland and assess toxic potential to healthy and susceptible sub-groups of individuals. The settings for the study lakes span a range of anthropogenic influence from protected areas to a basin with a town and several villages and another one influenced by a pesticide tomb leakage. Fish were netted and kept frozen until analysis. After defrosting, the fish were filleted and minced. The ashed samples were dissolved in nitric acid and analyzed for Ni by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Roach meat contained 6.6–23 µg kg^?1 Ni, bream 9.5–178 µg kg^?1, and carp 16.5–139 µg kg^?1. These concentrations are low, indicating that the fish were not excessively contaminated with the metal. Consuming a 250 g portion of fish would result in an average nickel intake of 4 µg for roach, <10 µg for bream, and <20 µg for carp. These values represent only 0.4–2% of the maximum level that is likely to pose a risk of adverse effects as established in the USA. Consumption of fish from the study region need not necessarily pose a health threat.