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151.
Suvi Monni Paula Perälä Kristiina Regina 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(4):545-571
According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Kyoto Protocol under it, industrial countries
have to estimate their greenhouse gas emissions annually, and assess the uncertainties in these estimates. In Finland, agricultural
methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions represent 7% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, and globally the share is much higher. Agriculture is
one of the most uncertain emission categories (representing over 20% of greenhouse gas inventory uncertainty in Finland),
due to both high natural variability of the emission sources and poor knowledge of the emission-generating processes. In this
paper, we present an uncertainty estimate of agricultural CH4 and N2O emissions from Finland in 2002. Uncertainties were estimated based on measurement data, literature and expert judgement,
and total uncertainty in agriculture was calculated using Monte Carlo simulation. According to the calculations, agricultural
CH4 and N2O emissions from Finland were 3.7 to 7.8 Tg carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalents, 5.4 Tg being the mean value.Estimates of CH4 emissions are more reliable than those of N2O. N2O from agricultural soils was the most uncertain emission category, and the uncertainty was not reduced by using available
national measurement data of N2O fluxes. Sensitivity study revealed that the uncertainty in total agricultural inventory could be 7% points lower, if more
accurate emission estimation methods were used, including 1) improved data collection in area estimates of organic soils,
2) climate-specific methods for N2O from agricultural soils as already presented in literature, and 3) more detailed CH4 estimation methods for enteric fermentation which can be achieved by investigating national circumstances and digestible
systems of animals in more detail. 相似文献
152.
Assessment of labile phosphorus fractions and adsorption characteristics in relation to soil properties of West African savanna soils 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
O. C. Nwoke B. Vanlauwe J. Diels N. Sanginga O. Osonubi R. Merckx 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2003,100(2-3):285
A large proportion of total P in the soils of the area is unavailable to plants and consequently P is the second most limiting nutrient. The labile and moderately labile phosphorus fractions and adsorption characteristics of surface and subsurface horizons of eleven soil profiles in the derived savanna (DS) and the northern Guinea savanna (NGS) of West Africa were assessed. The labile P fractions are the resin and HCO3-extractable inorganic (Pi) and organic (Po) P. The moderately labile fractions are the NaOH-extractable portion of soil P in the Hedley sequential procedure. In the DS soils, the resin P, considered the most readily available fraction, varied from 1 to 14 mg kg−1, HCO3-Pi ranged from 3.3 to 11, and HCO3-PO was between 4 and 12 mg kg−1 in the surface horizon. In the NGS, the topsoil contained 1.5–3 mg kg−1 of resin P, 5–8 mg kg−1 of HCO3-Pi, and 7.5–9.7 mg kg−1 of HCO3-Po. Sodium hydroxide-Po was the largest of the fractions in all the soils studied. It ranged from 23 to 55 mg kg−1 in the topsoil. In general, the labile P levels were higher in soils of the DS than of the NGS and were related to the oxalate-extractable Fe (Feox), and Al (Alox) as well as to soil texture. The subsoil of Kasuwan Magani (profile KS 9–21 cm) required 153 mg P kg−1 to maintain 0.2 mg P l−1 in solution (standard P requirement), and Danayamaka (profile DD 7–32 cm) required 145 mg P kg−1. These could translate to 214 and 200 kg P ha−1 if a plow layer of 10 cm is assumed. Because these are within the plow layer, more P fertilizer would be needed for crop production than in the other soils. The standard P requirement and the adsorption maxima were related to Feox and Alox, dithionite-Fe (Fed), and texture. The increase in labile P content with decreasing Feox and Alox could imply that management practices capable of reducing the activities of Fe and Al in solution might improve P availability. 相似文献
153.
154.
水稻土施用城市污泥盆栽通菜土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的残留 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
应用GC/MS联机检测技术对水稻土施用城市污泥盆栽通菜(Ipomoea aquatic)后土壤中6种邻苯二甲酸酯化合物(PAEs)进行分析.结果表明,盆载通菜土壤中6种PAEs的总含量(∑PAEs)在7.667-40.025 mg/kg之间,平均为26.137 mg/kg,其高低次序为佛山污泥>广州污泥>佛山污泥加化肥>广州污泥+化肥>空白>化肥.与空白对照相比,施用污泥和污泥+化肥处理的土壤中∑PAEs含量显著提高,但单施化肥的土壤中∑PAEs含量降低.不同处理土壤中的PAEs化合物是以一种或两种化合物为主,主要是DnBP和/或DEHP,显示了不同的PAEs分布特征. 相似文献
155.
156.
157.
除草剂在土壤中的吸附行为研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
除草剂在土壤上的吸附和解吸行为是支配该除草剂在环境中的生物有效性和持久性的重要因素之一 ,同时对于预测除草剂在土壤和潜层水中的运动也是有重要作用。本文从吸附机理、实验技术、动力学、影响因素、常数的计算方法等方面阐述了除草剂在土壤中的吸附行为及其环境学意义。 相似文献
158.
Laboratory experiments to estimate the effective molecular diffusion coefficient (D(e)) and sorption coefficient (K(d)) for volatile organic compounds through natural clayey soils were conducted using diffusion testing apparatus. The compounds tested were methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), toluene and trichloroethylene (TCE). The D(e) and K(d) values were determined by a curve fitting procedure. The compound losses, and the effects of porous disks used in the apparatus were significant. The transport of MEK was faster than that of TCE and toluene because of the lower sorption to the soils. The D(e) values of all the compounds were of the order of 10(-10) m(2)/s and smaller than the diffusion coefficient in pure aqueous solution at infinite dilution (D(0)), due to the tortuosity of the samples. The effects of the sample thickness on the parameter determination were not significant. Comparison to the K(d) values estimated from batch sorption tests and from organic carbon content (f(oc))-based predictions showed that the diffusion test results were intermediate between those from the other two methods. The diffusion tests use compacted soil samples and should be more relevant to in situ conditions, but the reliability of the tests is affected by large compound losses that cause uncertainties in their interpretation. It is recommended that more than one method be used to assess K(d) values. 相似文献
159.
Influence of industry on the geochemical urban environment of Mieres (Spain) and associated health risk 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Loredo J Ordóñez A Charlesworth S De Miguel E 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2003,25(3):307-323
This study is concerned with the elemental composition of soils and street dust collected in an historical industrial city of approximately 27 000 inhabitants, where old Hg mining and metallurgical activities strongly affected the load of heavy metals in the urban environment. For the purpose of the study, representative samples of soils and street dust were collected at different locations in the whole urban area (3 km2). Elevated mean concentrations of As in soils and street dust (69 and 135 g g–1, respectively), and Hg (3.07 and 4.24 g g–1, respectively), compared to background levels and to those found in other cities, reflect the anomalous geochemical nature of these materials and the strong influence exerted by the old mining sites. 相似文献
160.
改性土壤对模拟含硝基苯废水的吸附 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
研究了季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂四甲基铵离子(TMA)和十六烷基三甲基铵离子(HDTMA)改性的土壤(黑土、黄棕壤、红壤)对水中硝基苯的吸附作用。结果表明:改性土壤和改性土壤均能吸附水中的硝基苯。但改性土壤对水中硝基苯的吸附能力明显高于未改性土壤。改必土壤吸附硝基苯能力的顺序为1CEC-HDTMA黑土>1CEC-HDTMA黄棕壤>0.7 CEC-HDTMA黄棕壤>1 CEC-HDTMA红壤>0.7 CEC-HDTMA红壤>1 CEC-TMA黄棕壤>1 CEC-TMA红壤。未改性土壤和HDTMA改性土壤对硝基苯的吸附通过分配来进行,吸附等温线可用Henry方程表示,其lgKSOM为2.27,lgKHDTMA为2.87。 相似文献