中国排污权交易实践存在的问题及其解决路径

目前,排污权有偿使用和交易作为各地环保工作体制、机制创新的热点,是利用经济手段促进环境保护的有益尝试。本文介绍了我国试点地区开展排污权有偿使用和交易所做的主要工作及其特点,并就面临的问题进行了重点分析,提出了进一步完善的对策措施,为全国范围内开展排污权有偿使用和交易积累了工作经验。     

Market-based solutions: An appropriate approach to resolve environmental problems

It was the first time that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC),which was founded in 1988,regarded climate change as a significant international political problem(O’Brien and Williams 2007).Over the next decades,environmentalist and policy makers have been applying many efficient ways to solve various environmental problems and have gained achievements.With the support of successful cases,this paper will focus on the market-based solutions and discuss its advantages compared with the conventional approach.     

矿用离心式水泵汽蚀的预防措施及排除方法

排水设备作为煤矿四大固定机械设备之一，承担着排除涌水、预防水灾、保障安全的重要任务。其主体设备一离心式水泵汽蚀的高发态势，对矿井安全构成潜在威胁。本文通过对离心式水泵汽蚀机理的阐释，说明了汽蚀的征兆；分析了影响矿用水泵汽蚀的因素；明确了具体的预防措施和排除方法。     

Diclofenac sodium aqueous systems at low concentrations: Interconnection between physicochemical properties and action on hydrobionts

Diclofenac sodium(DS) is a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug(NSAIDs).NSAIDs are poorly removed during standard wastewater treatment.The consequences of the presence of NSAIDs in rivers and lakes at 10~(-11)–10~(-8) mol/L are not yet established;therefore, ecotoxicologists have focused their efforts on studying the effect of lowconcentration NSAIDs on fish and hydrobionts, and also on predicting the potential risks to humans.Literature provides some information about the bioeffects of some NSAID solutions in low concentrations but there is no physicochemical explanation for these phenomena.Studying the physicochemical patterns of DS solutions in the low range of concentrations and establishing an interconnection between the solutions' physicochemical properties and bioeffects can provide a conceptually new and important source of information regarding the unknown effects of DS.The physicochemical properties and action of DS solutions on Ceriodaphnia affinis cladocerans,Paramecium caudatum infusoria, Chlorella vulgaris unicellular green algae, as well as on the growth of the roots of Triticum vulgare wheat seeds, were studied in the calculated concentration range of 1 × 10~(-3)–1 × 10~(-18) mol/L.The relationship between these phenomena was established using the certified procedures for monitoring the toxicity of natural water and wastewater.It was shown for the first time that water solutions of DS are dispersed systems in which the dispersed phase undergoes a rearrangement with dilution, accompanied by changes in its size and properties, which affects the nonmonotonic dependences of the system's physicochemical properties and could cause nonmonotonic changes in action on hydrobionts in the low concentration range.     

试论环境意识及其对环保工作的影响和促进

从环境意识角度探讨环境问题及可持续发展。简略总结了西方进入工业社会后的人与自然观，及20世纪兴起的环境哲学概况。介绍中国在经济发展过程中对环境保护存在的认识误区。论述环境意识对环保工作的影响和促进及提高环境意识的途径。     

我国企业安全生产培训工作问题及对策

目前我国的安全生产形势依然严峻，重、特大事故频频发生，其重要原因之一是企业职工安全生产意识淡薄。因此通过加强企业安全生产培训工作、提高安全生产培训质量来改善企业职工安全生产意识是安全生产工作中的一项重要任务。本文对中国企业安全生产培训工作存在的问题及如何搞好安全生产培训工作的主要对策进行了探讨。     

农村民居抗震性能存在的问题及对策

本文通过分析农村民居抗震性能存在的问题，从专家参与设计房屋抗震加固方案、加强房屋抗震知识宣传教育、推广典型、加强村镇建设项目抗震设防的指导和管理四个方面提出了提高农村民居抗震性能的对策及措施。     

模拟酸雨的土壤淋洗液对马尾松华山松幼苗生长的影响

用不同酸度的模拟酸雨土壤淋洗液作培养液，以中性降水土壤淋洗液作对照，研究了马尾松、华山松幼苗受土壤溶液酸度及Ａｌ３＋浓度毒害的症状。观测了受毒害后的可视性症状出现的时间、根系伸长生长受阻的情况、植物体各部分生物量以及一些物质含量的浓度。结果表明，植物体受土壤溶液中各种浓度的Ｈ＋与Ａｌ３＋影响后，普遍出现根部膨胀、植物体发红的受害症状。低酸度模拟酸雨的土壤淋洗液可在一定时间内使幼苗生物量呈增加的趋势，高酸度模拟酸雨处理后的情况则与之相反。与可视性症状相比，植物体中一些物质的含量对Ｈ＋和Ａｌ３＋浓度更加敏感；根系部分敏感于地上部分；华山松敏感于马尾松。     

Influencing factors of disinfection byproducts formation during chloramination of Cyclops metabolite solutions

Effects of reaction time, chlorine dosage, pH and temperature on the formation of disinfection byproducts(DBPs), were investigated during the chloramination of Cyclops metabolite solutions. The results showed that some species of DBPs like trichloromethane(TCM), dichloroacetic acid(DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid(TCAA) could accumulate to their respective stable values with a progressive elevation in reaction time and monochloramine concentration. And 1,1,1-2-trichloropropanone(1,1,1-TCP) content decreased correspondingly with a continuous increase of reaction time. The amounts of chloral hydrate(CH), chloropicrin(TCNM), 1,1,1-TCP and DCAA firstly increased and then decreased with increasing monochloramine doses. Higher temperature resulted in a decrease of CH, dichloroacetonitrile(DCAN), 1,1-dichloropropanone(1,1-DCP), 1,1,1-TCP, DCAA and TCAA concentration. pH affected the formation of the different DBPs distinctly. TCM accumulateded with the increase of pH under 9, and DCAA, TCAA, CH and 1,1-DCP decreased continuously with increasing pH from 5 to 10, and other DBPs had the maximum concentrations at pH 6–7.     

黑龙江省重要水功能区水质现状评价与达标分析研究

及时掌握水功能区水质现状与达标状况,对加强水功能区监督管理和水环境保护具有重要作用,为水功能区保护与管理提供建议,从而保障水资源的可持续利用。该文根据2011年黑龙江省重要江河湖泊水功能区监测资料,对黑龙江省重要水功能区水质现状及达标率进行分析评价,结果表明,黑龙江省重要水功能区的个数达标率为29.0%,长度达标率为19.6%,评价结果与实际情况基本相符,同时阐述了水功能区达标率低,监测能力水平不高等问题。最后给出解决措施是:城市污水处理及中水回用工程,水体综合治理和生态修复措施,加强水质监测现代化建设,提升监测能力等具体措施。