应对流域生态补偿机制的环境监测

结合中国流域生态补偿有关政策和实施情况,阐述了环境经济新政策对环境监测提出的新要求。环境监测是成功实施流域生态补偿机制的前提和基础,必须对生态环境“说得清、说得早、说得细”,才能为补偿资金的核算提供公正依据。指出应对流域生态补偿机制开展环境监测,目前在点位设置、监测手段、质量控制等方面还存在一些问题,现行的一些技术方法与之还不相适合,现有的监测能力也难以满足,这些都需要及时解决。根据生态补偿机制要求,提出加强监测能力建设、开展水环境优先监测及应用技术研究等对策。     

Role of hydrogen bond capacity of solvents in reactions of amines with CO2: A computational study

Various computational methods were employed to investigate the zwitterion formation,a critical step for the reaction of monoethanolamine with CO_2,in five solvents(water,monoethanolamine,propylamine,methanol and chloroform) to probe the effect of hydrogen bond capacity of solvents on the reaction of amine with CO_2 occurring in the amine-based CO_2 capture process.The results indicate that the zwitterion can be formed in all considered solvents except chloroform.For two pairs of solvents(methanol and monoethanolamine,propylamine and chloroform) with similar dielectric constant but different hydrogen bond capacity,the solvents with higher hydrogen bond capacity(monoethanolamine and propylamine) facilitate the zwitterion formation.More importantly,kinetics parameters such as activation free energy for the zwitterion formation are more relevant to the hydrogen bond capacity than to dielectric constant of the considered solvents,clarifying the hydrogen bond capacity could be more important than dielectric constant in determining the kinetics of monoethanolamine with CO_2.     

Enhanced photocatalytic activity of nanotube-like titania by sulfuric acid treatment

IntroductionTiO2 nanotubehaswidelydrawnmuchattentionduetoitslargesurfaceareaandhighphotocatalyticactivity ,becausetheyhavegreatpotentialforsuchapplicationsasenvironmentalpurification ,decompositionofcarbonicacidgas,andgenerationofhydrogengas .Titaniananot…     

Life cycle energy and CO2 emissions analysis of food packaging: an insight into the methodology from an Italian perspective

Packaging is strictly connected to environmental issues as it is a product characterised by high material consumption rate; it is often transported over long distances and has a short life. Providing environmental analysis is, therefore, urgent to identify energy and resources efficient solutions. The paper, taking advantage of a real case study, presents a life cycle-based comparative analysis among three different food packaging systems. The paper compares the life cycle of tin steel, polypropylene and glass-based packaging of an Italian preserves producer. The analysis leads to the conclusion that, for the baseline scenario, polypropylene packaging represents the greenest solution, whereas glass packaging is the worst choice. The paper presents a scenario analysis varying both the method used for accounting for recycling as well as the recycling rates of the packaging materials. Changes in overall results with parameters analysis changing are calculated and highlighted throughout the paper. The impact of a reuse policy of the glass-based solution is also analysed; a model for disposable glass packaging is proposed and the obtained results are compared with the single use polypropylene and tin steel-based packaging. In order to analyse the impact of different End of Life scenarios on the present case study, collecting as well as recycling rates of some European countries have been used. The results revealed a significant fluctuation both in energy consumption and in CO₂ emission as the nation changes. Summing up, a methodology for packaging environmental impact analysis is applied to a real case study, some crucial aspects of the methodology have been analysed in depth in order to give a contribution in packaging environmental impact analysis.     

Ecosystem services provided by urban gardens in Barcelona,Spain: Insights for policy and planning

In many European cities, urban gardens are seen as increasingly important components of urban green space networks. We adopt an ecosystem services framework to assess contributions of urban gardens to the quality of of their users. First, we identify and characterize ecosystem services provided by urban gardens. Secondly, we assess the demographic and socioeconomic profile of its beneficiaries and the relative importance they attribute to different ecosystem services. Next we discuss the relevance of our results in relation to critical policy challenges, such as the promotion of societal cohesion and healthy lifestyles. Data were collected through 44 semi-structured interviews and a survey among 201 users of 27 urban gardens in Barcelona, Spain, as well as from consultation meetings with local planners. We identified 20 ecosystem services, ranging from food production over pollination to social cohesion and environmental learning. Among them, cultural ecosystem services (non-material benefits people derive from their interaction with nature) ​ stand out as the most widely perceived and as the most highly valued. The main beneficiaries of ecosystem services from urban gardens are elder, low-middle income, and migrant people. Our results about the societal importance of urban gardens ​were deemed highly relevant by the interviewed green space planners in Barcelona, who noted that our data can provide basis to support or expand existing gardening programs in the city. Our research further suggests that ecosystem services from urban gardens can play an important role in addressing several urban policy challenges in cities, such as promoting stewardship of urban ecosystems, providing opportunities for recreation and healthy lifestyles, and promoting social cohesion. We conclude that urban gardens and associated ecosystem services can play an important ​ in urban policies aimed at enhancing quality of life in cities, particularly if access to their benefits is expanded to larger segments of the population.     

Exploring the emergence of a tipping point for conservation with increased recognition of social considerations

Despite a common understanding of the harmful impacts of Western conservation models that separate people from nature, widespread progress toward incorporating socioeconomic, political, cultural, and spiritual considerations in conservation practice is lacking. For some, the concept of nature-based solutions (NbS) is seen as an interdisciplinary and holistic pathway to better integrate human well-being in conservation. We examined how conservation practitioners in the United States view NbS and how social considerations are or are not incorporated in conservation adaptation projects. We interviewed 28 individuals working on 15 different such projects associated with the Wildlife Conservation Society's Climate Adaptation Fund. We completed 2 rounds of iterative coding in NVivo 12.6.1 to identify in the full text of all interview responses an a priori set of themes related to our research questions and emergent themes. Many respondents saw this moment as a tipping point for the field (one in which the perceived values of social considerations are increasing in conservation practice) (76%) and that social justice concerns and the need to overcome racist and colonial roots of Western conservation have risen to the forefront. Respondents also tentatively agreed that NbS in conservation could support social and ecological outcomes for conservation, but that it was far from guaranteed. Despite individual intention and awareness among practitioners to incorporate social considerations in conservation practice, structural barriers, including limited funding and inflexible grant structures, continue to constrain systemic change. Ultimately, systemic changes that address power and justice in policy and practice are required to leverage this moment to more fully address social considerations in conservation.     

基于FTA-Petri网的地铁火灾事故安全性研究

鉴于城市轨道交通安全的复杂性及重要性,应用FTA-Petri综合分析方法对城市轨道交通系统安全性进行分析并构建轨道交通系统火灾事故安全性模型。该模型具有FTA与Petri网方法的优点。在利用传统的FTA方法深入分析火灾事故原因的基础上,选择典型的火灾事故成因,利用Petri网方法动态模拟火灾事故发生的过程;借鉴已有的概率计算方法对所建立的火灾Petri网模型进行定量求解分析;最后,针对分析结果提出可行性方案。提出将FTA-Petri综合分析方法应用到城市轨道交通安全领域,在地铁火灾安全性定量分析方面作出了探索性的研究。     

制药行业清洁生产案例分析

目前,我国制药业存在着"高污染、高能耗"的特点,严重制约着这个行业的持续发展,清洁生产具有末端治理无可替代的作用。以某制药厂为例,对制药行业实施清洁生产分析与评价方面进行了探讨,提出了我国制药行业清洁生产实施中存在的问题及对策。     

生态承载力环评:研究进展·存在问题·修正对策

环评技术标准的科学性和完备性是决定环评文件质量及应用价值的关键,但长期以来生态承载力环评技术一直是环评标准体系中最薄弱的环节.通过回顾国内外生态承载力研究发展历程,解析生态承载力概念和内涵,介绍自然植被净第一性生产力评估法、生态足迹法、资源供需平衡法与综合指数法等常用生态承载力评估方法的评价原理、技术流程,指明上述各类方法片面注重“承载力”极值的量化或超载与否的评估,但却忽视人类经济社会发展产生压力指标与区域自然承载能力对应关键指标在指标类型、大小及空间上的矛盾对立性研究,以致评价过程不清晰、评估成果对于优化区域人地关系的参考价值十分有限.在此基础上结合我国生态承载力环评制度、技术导向及研究实践状况论述,指出现有生态承载力环评技术标准存在技术方案不完整、评价内容项目针对性弱、评价空间尺度与项目影响范围不匹配等问题,以此为前提,提出重新界定规划环评领域生态承载力概念,以提升科学性与实用性为目标革新生态承载力环评技术框架体系,针对项目生态压力类型及空间格局确立生态承载力评价内容,充分利用3S等新技术开展生态承载力定量化评估等修正对策建议.研究旨在为开展生态承载力评估技术革新与探索研究提供借鉴.      

北京市社区生活垃圾分类收集实效调查及其长效管理机制研究

对北京市600个分类示范试点社区进行垃圾分类收集现状调查,并基于调查数据分析得出,目前试点社区分类正确率和投放正确率均不高,知晓率是影响分类正确率和投放正确率的重要因素,知晓率根据知晓深度分成两个等级,分别为75.6%和15.5%,而社区大多数居民约60.1%垃圾分类知晓程度保持在一个初级水平,24.4%居民不知道垃圾分类,分类正确率和投放正确率较低,分别为4.5%和31.2%,宣传、教育的力度和深度不够,也未形成有效监管机制.居民对社区垃圾分类建议得出,认为应该加强分类知识宣传的居民最多,占36.84%;其次认为加强垃圾分类正确投放监督的比例也达到35.39%.总体认为软实力建设应提高的居民占90%以上.因此,提出持续采用多种媒介提高垃圾分类宣传力度和深度,并结合多种培养方式引导居民参与操作实践.此外,构建软硬结合的垃圾分类评价指标体系,建立完善操作强的监管机制,长期持续对居民进行督促,并将垃圾分类作为社区管理工作中的一项重要考核指标,整体提高行政管理水平.