我国南方桉树人工林区水库沉积物污染物的分布特征及迁移规律

桉树人工林区水库水体大面积泛黑引发的水质安全问题是目前关注的热点问题之一,我国南方地区尤其是广西南宁市90%以上的饮用水源水库周边都大量种植桉树,且很多都出现不同程度的水体泛黑现象.已有研究表明水库沉积物对上覆水Fe²⁺、Mn²⁺、S^2-和DOC的迁移转化过程起着重要作用,探究水体污染物在沉积物-水界面附近的分布特征与迁移规律对揭示库区泛黑机制具有重要意义.本研究利用柱状泥样分层分析方法和高分辨率原位被动采样技术,于2018年7～12月在我国南方典型泛黑水库天雹水库开展3次实验,分析沉积物中铁、锰、硫化物和有机质的分布特征及季节性变化规律,并重点研究泛黑期沉积物间隙水Fe²⁺、Mn²⁺、S^2-和DOC的剖面分布规律及迁移方向.结果表明:①桉树人工林区水库沉积物中铁和锰含量丰富,远超过全国土壤背景值.表层沉积物中铁、锰和TOC含量随季节同步增加,主要来源于水库周边桉树林区物质(残落物、腐解液和土壤颗粒)的输入与沉降;②桉树人工林区水库泛黑期沉积物间隙水中Fe...     

河北省中南部对流层CH4时空分布特征的飞机探测研究

为研究河北省中南部对流层内CH₄时空分布特征,2018年6~7月利用空中国王350飞机搭载高精度CH₄分析仪和相关辅助设备,对河北中南部城市上空（600~5500m）CH₄浓度进行飞机探测.探测期间共飞行4架次,取得7组CH₄浓度垂直廓线数据.结果表明：探测期间CH₄浓度最小值为1884×10^-9,最大值为2038×10^-9,多架次垂直方向上平均浓度为（1915±90）×10^-9.不同探测架次CH₄浓度随高度变化趋势有较好的一致性,随高度增加,均出现先增大后减小,后稳定不变的趋势,且在混合层顶以下（约1000m）存在明显分界线.1000m以下,同高度层CH₄浓度变化较大,不同架次间浓度相差最大值达124×10^-9,同一架次CH₄浓度的垂直梯度变化受大气层结影响明显,位温垂直梯度接近零时,CH₄浓度的垂直梯度变化不明显.1000m以上,CH₄浓度垂直随高度增加呈指数减小,同高度层CH₄浓度变化较小,变化偏差在平均值的5%以内,4000m以上,同高度层CH₄浓度振幅最小,差值<15×10^-9,此时浓度可代表该区域背景大气的平均浓度.石家庄上空同高度层CH₄浓度白天整体大于夜间,随高度降低差值变大,说明石家庄白天CH₄排放源强度大于夜间.     

How does agricultural intensification modulate changes in plant community composition?

Agricultural intensification, at local and landscape scales, has caused a decrease in plant diversity and changes in species composition in cereal fields. To better understand the role of landscape complexity and farming systems in shaping plant assemblages, it is of interest to focus on functional traits rather than on floristic composition, which may help to highlight trends in vegetation patterns. We analysed the relative abundance of various functional attributes (different life forms, growth forms, wind-pollinated species and wind-dispersed species) at three contrasted field positions (boundary, edge and centre) of 29 organic and 29 conventional cereal fields distributed in 15 agrarian localities of NE Spain. Agricultural intensification affected the biological attributes of the vegetation in dryland Mediterranean cereal fields; local factors (farming system and position) had a more prominent role in affecting plant functional composition than the surrounding landscape. Local factors were important for life form distribution, growth form and pollination type, whereas landscape complexity mainly affected the proportion of wind-dispersed species. Therefore, depending on the objective of the study, it is important to select functional attributes sensitive to the different scales of agricultural intensification, especially because landscape complexity and land-use intensity are commonly related.     

“大气十条”实施结束川南城市群秋季霾污染过程中水溶性离子特征

为了解《大气污染防治行动计划》（“大气十条”）实施结束后川南城市群大气PM_2.5的污染状况,于2018年11月7～19日在内江、自贡、宜宾和泸州这4个城市同步采集PM_2.5样品,结合天气形势分析了秋季PM_2.5及主要水溶性离子的污染特征,并利用后向轨迹聚类分析探讨了区域输送对该地区大气污染的影响.结果表明,川南城市群秋季大气平均ρ(PM_2.5)为（67.2±38.3）μg·m^-3,泸州最高而内江最低;SNA(SO^2-₄、 NO^-₃和NH⁺₄)在PM_2.5中占比为33.3%,其中NO^-₃为首要离子组分;由“大气十条”实施中期（2015年）至实施结束（2018年）,内江、宜宾和泸州秋季ρ(PM_2.5)分别增加了13.8%、 47.2%和69.1%,自贡持平;由于大气...     

The effects of disturbance based management on the dynamics of Mediterranean vegetation: A hierarchical and spatially explicit modeling approach

The eastern Mediterranean region has been subjected to intensive human disturbance in the past 10,000 years, mainly in the forms of agro-pastoral activities such as grazing, shrub clearing, and prescribed burning. This disturbance history resulted in the formation of highly heterogeneous landscapes, characterized by high biodiversity. Recent changes in human activities have resulted in a decrease of landscape heterogeneity, leading to decreasing biodiversity and increasing fire risk. To conserve heterogeneity, land managers apply disturbance based management practices, using the same activities that created and maintained landscape heterogeneity in the past. However, the long-term and large-scale outcomes of these disturbances are often unknown, due to the complex response of Mediterranean vegetation to disturbance. Here we report on a spatially explicit, hybrid, and spatially hierarchical ecological model developed by us. The model attempts to predict the outcome of various disturbance based management activities on the long-term spatio-temporal dynamics of five common Mediterranean vegetation types. The model uses a spatially explicit state and transition formulation, with continuous transition functions. Model simulations were conducted on a Mediterranean landscape in Northern Israel, incorporating various disturbance practices that are common in the region. Simulation results highlight the potential of disturbance based management as a tool for conserving landscape heterogeneity, as well as the complex interactions between disturbances and the spatial structure of the landscape in Mediterranean regions.     

Zooplankton population model coupled to a biogeochemical model of the North Western Mediterranean Sea ecosystem

A stage structured population (SSP) model based on Fennel's [Fennel, W., 2001. Modelling copepods with links to circulation models. Journal of Plankton Research, 23, 1217–1232] equations is applied to Centropages typicus (Kröyer), a dominant copepod species of the North Western Mediterranean Sea (NWMS) and a prey of small pelagic fish. The model considers five groups of stages and development rates are represented by a mechanistic formulation depending on individual specific growth in each stage. Individual growth is calculated from the individual energy budget depending on food availability and temperature.     

Vertical fluxes of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea

Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon fluxes were measured in time series sediment trap samples at 200 m and at 1000 m depths in the open Northwestern Mediterranean Sea, from December 2000 to July 2002. Averaged fluxes of n-alkanes, UCM and T-PAH₃₅ were 2.96 ± 2.60 μg m⁻² d⁻¹, 64 ± 60 μg m⁻² d⁻¹ and 0.68 ± 0.59 μg m⁻² d⁻¹, respectively. Molecular compositions of both hydrocarbon classes showed a contamination in petrogenic hydrocarbons well above the background levels of such an open site, whereas pyrolytic hydrocarbons stand in the range of other open Mediterranean locations. Fluxes displayed ample interannual and seasonal variabilities, mainly related to mass flux variation while concentration evolutions trigger secondary changes in pollutant fluxes. High lithogenic flux events exported particles with a larger pollutant load than biogenic particles formed during the spring bloom and during the summer. Sinking hydrocarbons were efficiently transported from 200 m to 1000 m.     

Effects of nitrogen deposition and soil fertility on cover and physiology of Cladonia foliacea (Huds.) Willd., a lichen of biological soil crusts from Mediterranean Spain

We are fertilizing a thicket with 0, 10, 20 and 50 kg nitrogen (N) ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in central Spain. Here we report changes in cover, pigments, pigment ratios and FvFm of the N-tolerant, terricolous, lichen Cladonia foliacea after 1-2 y adding N in order to study its potential as biomarker of atmospheric pollution. Cover tended to increase. Pigments increased with fertilization independently of the dose supplied but only significantly with soil nitrate as covariate. β-carotene/chlorophylls increased with 20-50 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (over the background) and neoxanthin/chlorophylls also increased with N. (Neoxanthin+lutein)/carotene decreased with N when nitrate and pH seasonalities were used as covariates. FvFm showed a critical load above 40 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. Water-stress, iron and copper also explained variables of lichen physiology. We conclude that this tolerant lichen could be used as biomarker and that responses to N are complex in heterogeneous Mediterranean-type landscapes.     

Effects of spatial and temporal scales on cultural services valuation

The monetary valuation of ecosystem services has proved to be a powerful tool for influencing management decisions, as it can be used to quantify the relative importance of various ecosystem functions. However, these valuation methods are rarely implemented with adequate care; in particular, they do not consider spatial and temporal variations in the services offered and demanded. This paper examines the effect of heterogeneity on the valuation of cultural services offered by the Doñana natural protected area in Spain. We apply the zonal travel cost method at various spatial scales, and the individual travel cost method at various temporal scales. We conclude that economic valuation techniques must account for spatial and temporal heterogeneity if they are to provide accurate and realistic information.     

Dynamic emergy evaluation of a fish farm rearing process

The environmental sustainability of a fish farm rearing process was examined by means of emergy analysis. Many emergy analyses integrate data for a whole year smoothing short term variations and sometimes losing meaningful information (aliasing). For this reason we developed a model for an instantaneous emergy evaluation in an aquacultural system so that transformities, efficiency and effort spent at each moment during the fish rearing activity could be calculated. By means of the model and dynamic emergy calculations it is possible to recognize step by step the importance of the various emergy contributions and verify where and when to modify the system to move toward optimum production of a sustainable product. By the application of the model we confirmed that the emergy trends in a fish farm installation follow wide oscillations during a year due to variations in both internal and external emergy contributions. Among the fluxes considered, those due to the introduction of fingerlings represented the highest contributions to the total emergy budget. Thus, to improve the sustainability of the analyzed system the amount, frequency and timing of these fluxes must be carefully considered. For this purpose, a comparison between two different fry introduction schedules was performed to evaluate differences in the efficiency of the rearing process.