Understanding land cover change in a Special Protection Area in Central Spain through the enhanced land cover transition matrix and a related new approach

This work analyses land cover changes occurring between 1990 and 2000 within a Natural Protected Area, southwest of Madrid (Spain). We develop a new methodology that considers the net change in different land cover categories in each municipality of the study area. Our methodology, which uses Factorial Correspondence Analysis, allows identification of the most important changes at the municipality level and groups the municipalities where land use dynamics are similar. This method is a powerful tool for synthesis and can potentially be applied to non-spatial geographical data sources (e.g. agrarian census statistics). Our results show that the land cover around SW Madrid is highly dynamic. The shrub vegetation, arable land, heterogeneous agricultural and human-created area categories show the highest total change. The dynamics of the changes detected are dominated by decreases in the area of different types of crops and increases in forest areas. These changes may have indirect effects on the conservation of natural resources and wildlife if not managed appropriately.     

阴山南麓立体生态屏障体系植物品种的选择

针对阴山南麓地区气候干旱、冬季寒冷、春季风沙大、年降雨量少、水土流失严重的实际，本文选择一些抗性强、能防风固沙、符合当地生态环境实际的优良乔木、灌木和草本植物种类，建立立体绿色生态走廊，营造小气候条件，防止土壤养分流失和水分过量蒸发，增加生物多样性，维持区域生态系统平衡。     

Response of the Avifauna to Technogenic Environmental Pollution in the Southern Taiga Zone of the Middle Urals

The results of original studies and published data are used for evaluating the main responses of the avifauna of boreal forests to the combined effect of sulfur dioxide and heavy metals. It is shown that environmental pollution results in the reduction of species richness, biomass, and stability of the nesting bird fauna. In degraded areas, the structure of the bird community changes: (1) typical forest species are replaced by the species of open habitats, and (2) the proportion of species nesting in the upper tree layer decreases, whereas that of ground-nesting species increases.     

Distribution of Alkalinity, Ph, Salinity and Carbon Dioxide Components in the Coastal Waters of Alexandria

The ara studied is located between El-Dikheila Harbour in Elmex Bay and Mandara, at longitude 29° 47' and 30° East and latitude 31° 17' North. the aim of the work is to look at carbon dioxide components in this areA and the effect of waste water discharged on their concentrations. Surface and bottom water samples were collected from 12 stations during January, April, August and November, 1995. Total alkalinity, salinity, temperature and pH were measured. Carbonate alkalinity, total alkalinity, partial pressure and dissolved carbon dioxide, carbonate and bicarbonate ions were calculated, since the studied area includes two differetn sources of pollution. It wAs found conventient to refer El-Mex Bay as region “A” which contains stations from I to VI and the area located between Kayet Bey outfall and Mandara which contains stations from VII to XII as region “B”. When specific alkalinity is used As A tracer for El-Umum drain water it is observed that the drain water could reach Sidi Bishr area especially in August and November, while in January and April drain water did not reach this area.     

Dissolved trace-metal concentrations along the Mediterranean Sea, to the north of the Nile Delta Region, Egypt

This work focuses on four marine sites of the Mediterranean Sea, north of the Nile Delta, Egypt. Surface-water samples were collected seasonally during 2003. The aim of this study is to assess the levels of some dissolved trace metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Pb) in two environmental conditions. The metal concentrations in the coastal zone were in the following ranges: 11.92-30.45 μg l^-1 for Fe, 5.79-17.36 μg l^-1 for Mn, 0.87-7.80 μg l^-1 for Zn, 0.40-1.87 μg l^-1 for Cu, and 1.53-10.31 μg l^-1 for Pb. In the sites with continental water input (mixing zone), the metals were scattered in the following ranges: Fe (19.72-60.33 μg l^-1), Mn (12.63-35.60 μg l^-1), Zn (2.67-22.00), Cu (0.83-8.10 μg l^-1), and Pb (1.72-29.7 μg l^-1). The results for the metal concentrations showed a remarkable decrease in the levels of the different metals going from the estuaries and outlets into the coastal sea water. Generally, the levels of the metals in the two zones are higher than the background levels of the unpolluted area. A comparison of the trace-metal levels in the coastal zone of the Mediterranean Sea north of Nile Delta with the minimal risk concentration (reported by water-quality criteria, WQC) showed a significantly lower content at the coastal area of the Mediterranean sea of Egypt. The study also indicated that the impact of anthropogenic inputs was limited in the distribution of the metals, except that the Pb content was slightly higher in the area of the mixing zone than that reported for WQC. The relationships between the different trace-metal concentrations and the other parameters (salinity, chlorophyll a and suspended particulate matter) were discussed, and the simple regressions between them were evaluated.     

江南水乡古镇城市化倾向及其可持续发展对策——以乌镇、西塘、南浔三镇为例

通过实地调查研究,江南古镇不仅在传统景观、人工环境、社会经济环境以及古镇的功能上持续发生演变,而且体现出水体景观艺术化和水网功能的时尚化、开放空间利用方〖JP2〗式的城市广场化和公园化、古镇居民行为方式的现代化和多样化、现代城市商业街模式和行为商业化,以及现代生活与传统物质空间之间的冲突等严重的城市化倾向和特点。立足于古镇的原真性保护,在城市化过程中古镇应保护和延续农业社会聚落特征,强化古镇时空异化过程;规划景观遗产隔离廊道,保护江南水乡区域景观的完整性和连续性;保护古镇水乡文化的原真性,营造和谐的整体人文生态系统体验;合理调控容量,降低聚集密度和强度,控制服务设施和规模,再现诗意生活场景,实现可持续发展。     

山东半岛南部近海表层沉积物中脂类生物标志物的组成及形态分析

分析了山东半岛南部近海表层沉积物中游离态和碱不稳定结合态脂类物质的组成,结果显示:脂肪酸呈现以16∶0为主峰的单峰形分布趋势,具明显偶碳优势,海源为其主要来源,脂肪酸主要以结合态形式存在,不同类别的脂肪酸形态分布略有差异,脂肪酸的结构和来源是影响脂肪酸形态分布的重要因素;同样以海源为主的甾醇则主要以游离态形式存在,但陆源甾醇的结合态比重相对较高;烷烃呈现以C29烷烃为主峰的单峰形分布趋势,陆源输入是其主要来源;烷烃主要以游离态形式存在,且UCM(不可分辨成分)峰仅出现在游离态烷烃的气相色谱图中。     

辽南棕壤剖面化学元素分异特征研究

研究土壤中植物生长必需营养元素含量,对植物正常生长发育具有十分重要的意义.以辽南丘陵区熊岳、山前冲积平原区牧城驿两个地区的棕壤剖面为研究对象,采用野外土样采集和室内实验测试分析相结合的研究方法,对每一剖面不同发生层营养元素的分异特征进行测试研究.结果表明:辽南棕壤剖面不同发生层中大量营养元素,虽然各有差异,但均具有不同程度的变异性.     

Managing abandoned farmland to control the impact of re-vegetation on the environment. The state of the art in Europe

Background and aimsIn the last decades, large areas undergo a revegetation process as a result of land abandonment, producing significant environmental and landscape impacts. In this paper, revegetation impacts are identified. We present the solutions proposed by scientists to control the negative impacts of revegetation, from a literature review from studies carried out in Europe.ResultsSome scientists suggest letting the revegetation process continued to contribute to the naturalisation of the landscape, reduce soil erosion, increase carbon sequestration and encourage recreational use of the territory. Other scientists, however, suggest the need to control the revegetation processes and retrieve abandoned land with productive purposes (extensive livestock and leisure), environmental objectives (reduction of fires and increasing biodiversity) and preserve cultural landscapes.ConclusionThe scrubland clearing and extensive livestock is an appropriate strategy to manage abandoned lands, combining environmental, landscape and socio-economic benefits.     

Disposal of Coal Fly Ash at A Deep Water Site in the Eastern Mediterranean Off Israel - Six Years of Monitoring

Coal fly ash (CFA) is dumped at a deep sea disposal site (1,500m water depth) in the eastern Mediterranean, ca. 70km off the Israeli shore. Since 1989, about one million tons of CFA were dumped at the 200km² allocated area. Six years of monitoring at the dump-site shows that the CFA is heterogeneously distributed; there are areas where CFA covers about 1.3cm depth of the sea floor while at others no CFA is found. CFA is present as a fine powder, small aggregates and even as large blocks both in the dump-site as well as at its peripheries. Cadmium, copper and zinc concentrations in the CFA decreased as a result of the prolonged contact with sea water at in situ conditions while inconclusive changes in mercury, iron and manganese were detected. No changes were observed for lead, iron and aluminium concentrations. A controlled long term field experiment, now in progress at the site, is expected to clarify further chemical changes occurring in the CFA.