Southern California's marine monitoring system ten years after the National Research Council evaluation

In 1990, the National Research Council (NRC) published two in-depth assessments of marine environmental monitoring effectiveness. The first of these, Managing Troubled Waters: The Role of Marine Environmental Monitoring, provided a national perspective and the second, Monitoring Southern California's Coastal Waters, examined the specifics of monitoring design and implementation in a densely populated, highly urbanized coastal region. The reports include explicit recommendations about the need for greater regionalization of monitoring efforts, supported by greater standardization of field, laboratory, and data analysis methods. They also identified the need for centralized data management and for greater flexibility in the language of standard discharge permits, flexibility that would permit discharge agencies to more readily participate in regional monitoring and research programs. Other recommendations identified a need for EPA and NOAA to focus on creating a national monitoring program structured as a network of coordinated local and regional efforts. Finally, the NRC emphasized the need for better reporting and for periodic review of monitoring's relevance to management concerns. In this paper, we use southern California as a test case to assess progress made in implementing the NRC's recommendations. We review progress made on each recommendation and discuss the features of the regulatory and management climate that contributed to or impeded this progress. We also consider whether, and to what extent, the NRC's recommendations remain relevant in the present context.     

江西九岭南坡韧性剪切带与推覆构造成因联系的讨论

本文从基本构造特征与运动机制、变形变质作用与构造层次及形成时代等方面，阐述了江西九岭南坡韧性剪切带与推覆构造的各自特征及其关系。指出：两者无直接的成因联系，前者并不是后者的根带，它们是不同运动机制、不同构造层次、不同地质时代的产物。     

扬子地块南缘锑矿床中矿石铅的组成及其地质意义

锑是我国的特色矿产 ,扬子地块南缘锑矿带是世界上最大的锑成矿带。铅同位素研究表明 ,该带锑矿床中矿石铅的组成变化较大 ;在铅同位素组成图解中 ,线性分布明显 ,但它不具有等时线意义 ,而是由低放射性成因铅和高放射性成因铅两个端元混合所致。矿石铅属壳、幔混合铅。成矿作用应发生于开放体系之中 ,深部幔源物质可能参与了锑的成矿作用。     

山东半岛南部近海表层沉积物中脂类生物标志物的组成及形态分析

分析了山东半岛南部近海表层沉积物中游离态和碱不稳定结合态脂类物质的组成,结果显示:脂肪酸呈现以16∶0为主峰的单峰形分布趋势,具明显偶碳优势,海源为其主要来源,脂肪酸主要以结合态形式存在,不同类别的脂肪酸形态分布略有差异,脂肪酸的结构和来源是影响脂肪酸形态分布的重要因素;同样以海源为主的甾醇则主要以游离态形式存在,但陆源甾醇的结合态比重相对较高;烷烃呈现以C29烷烃为主峰的单峰形分布趋势,陆源输入是其主要来源;烷烃主要以游离态形式存在,且UCM(不可分辨成分)峰仅出现在游离态烷烃的气相色谱图中。     

Effects of combined porous media on quenching and re-ignition characteristics of methane/air premixed combustion in a duct

During the study of foam metal suppression of methane combustion in ducts, it was found that under certain conditions, after the flame is extinguished, a re-ignition phenomenon occurs in the area upstream of the foam metal. In this paper, the process and mechanism for the occurrence of this phenomenon were investigated. The porous media used in the experiments is a two-layer structure consisting of a combination of iron-nickel foam and copper foam and was mounted in a transversal position. Each layer of foam metal has a thickness of 5 mm and a pore size of 20 or 40 holes pores per inch (ppi). The results show that flame extinguishment and re-ignition are highly dependent on the material and pore density of the porous media used. After the flame was quenched by the combination of iron-nickel foam with the same pore density of 40ppi, the re-ignition intensity was higher (a dazzling white light could be observed) and the flame area was larger. However, when a combination of iron-nickel foam with different pore densities was used, the re-ignition intensity, flame oscillation frequency and amplitude were significantly lower. However, both re-ignition flames can last for a long time. In addition, the incorporation of copper foam with high thermal conductivity resulted in the decay of flame propagation speed and the overpressure before and after quenching increased significantly with the increase of pore density of the first layer of iron-nickel foam.     

Patchiness and bistability in the comprehensive cyanobacterial model (CCM)

We analyzed spatiotemporal dynamics of cyanobacteria using a four-component mathematical model with nutrients, unicellular algae, colonial algae and herbivorous zooplankton. One of the astonishing abilities of cyanobacteria is the morphological change from the unicellular type to the colonial or filamentous type in response to grazing activities of zooplankton, the phenomenon known as phenotypic plasticity. Our model, referred to as comprehensive cyanobacterial model (CCM), includes the effects of phenotypic plasticity. Depending on parameter values, CCM exhibits not only bistability but also limit cycle oscillations without showing the paradox of enrichment, which has been a controversy among mathematical ecologists. Further, CCM is modified to reaction–advection–diffusion equations, the simulation results of which indicate that the ratio of the lateral diffusivity to the turbulent velocity significantly affects the appearance of patchiness patterns.     

闽南重点城市春季PM2.5中水溶性无机离子特征研究

对闽南地区重点城市春季 PM2.5中水溶性离子的污染状况进行剖析,分析和探讨了闽南地区同城化进程中重点城市PM2.5中水溶性离子污染的共同点和差异点,以期在当前空气污染日益严重的趋势下为闽南地区的大气污染控制提供依据.于2011年春季3月7—16日在福建省闽南地区重点城市厦门城区与郊区、漳州和泉州城区同步用聚丙烯纤维滤膜采集大气PM2.5样品,滤膜经超声萃取后用离子色谱仪分析样品中F-、Cl-、NO3-、SO42-、Na+、K+、NH4+、Ca2+和Mg2+等9种离子组分的质量浓度.结果表明,(1)闽南地区重点城市春季PM2.5的质量浓度变化具有较好的一致性,PM2.5的平均质量浓度为94.14μg·m-3,二次离子SO42-、NO3-和NH4+的质量浓度变化范围为14.66~66.68μg·m-3,平均质量浓度为32.43μg·m-3,占总水溶性离子的83.30%,主要以(NH4)2SO4和NH4NO3形式存在;与国内其他主要城市相比,闽南地区PM2.5中二次离子浓度水平偏高,二次污染严重.(2)NO3-/SO42-和SOR、NOR值均表明闽南地区固定源污染对水溶性离子的贡献大于流动源,但厦门流动源的贡献占了更高的比重;与国内其它地区相比,闽南地区由于春季潮湿多雨,硝酸盐化速率较高,也是导致二次离子污染水平较高的原因之一.(3)作为滨海地区,闽南地区 PM2.5中水溶性离子的主要贡献者主要来自人为源,而非海盐离子.     

重庆主城区春季典型天气的大气颗粒物浓度变化分析

选取重庆大气超级站2010年春季典型天气时段的颗粒物实时监测数据,将β射线法和震荡天平法(TEOM法)的PM10监测值进行了比对,分析了PM10、PM2.5和PM1质量浓度百分比例关系及10μm以下颗粒物数浓度随粒径大小的分布规律。结果表明,β射线法与TEOM法的PM10监测结果基本一致,β射线法比TEOM法监测值平均偏低5.4%;PM2.5、PM1和PM0.5的数浓度均占PM10数浓度的98%以上;PM0.25数浓度占PM10数浓度的平均比例为34.9%,占PM1数浓度的平均比例为35.1%;TEOM法监测的PM2.5占PM10日均质量浓度平均比例为51.2%;β射线法监测的PM2.5占PM10日均质量浓度平均比例为56.9%,PM1占PM10平均比例为30.9%。     

基于农业用地和地形约束的陇南山区适宜人口规模估算

陇南山区地形复杂,耕地不足,经济贫困,人口对资源环境的压力较大。研究适度人口容量对于地震灾后重建、缓解贫困以及保护长江上游的生态安全具有重要意义。以人均粮食和经济水平两个指标来估算温饱、宽裕和小康3个水平上的人口承载量,测度人口和农业资源的关系。并基于地形复杂度计算劳动用工及可抚养人口。结果表明：目前陇南10县(区)的人口在温饱生活水平下尚有超载。以小康生活为标准,适宜人口规模约为135万。经营现有的农耕地和林地需要100.81万劳动力,可抚养人口191.54万人,加上城镇人口总人口为 231.03万。这个人口规模实现温饱有余而宽裕不足,难达小康目标。“人口 农业用地 劳动力”之间形成了一个怪圈,决定了陇南山区农村实现小康目标的艰巨性和复杂性。为此,陇南山区的灾后重建和区域可持续发展需要创新思路,多方并举.     

Effect of concentration and ignition position on vented methane–air explosions

Experiments were conducted in a 1 m³ vessel with a top vent to investigate the effect of methane concentration and ignition position on pressure buildup and flame behavior. Three pressure peaks (p₁, p₂, and P_ext) and two types of pressure oscillations (Helmholtz and acoustic oscillations) were observed. The rupture of vent cover results in p₁ that is insensitive to methane concentration and ignition position. Owing to the interaction between acoustic wave and the flame, p₂ forms in the central and top ignition explosions when the methane–air mixture is near–stoichiometric. When the methane–air mixture is centrally ignited, p₂ first increases and then decreases with an increase in the methane concentration. The external explosion-induced P_ext is observed only in the bottom ignition explosions with an amplitude of several kilopascals. Under the current experimental conditions, flame–acoustic interaction leads to the most serious explosions in central ignition tests. Methane concentration and ignition position have little effect on the frequency of Helmholtz and acoustic oscillations; however, the Helmholtz oscillation lasts longer and first decreases and then increases as the methane concentration increases for top ignition cases. The ignition position significantly affects the Taylor instability of the flame front resulting from the Helmholtz oscillation.