华北地区干旱强度的表征形式及其气候变异

在分析1951-2001年华北地区降水量、气温及蒸发量变化特征的基础上,确定利用月降水量与蒸发量之差的Z指数表征干旱强度.该指数在时间及空问分布上的实际概率与理论概率均很接近,可以较好地表征华北地区干旱强度状况.分析表明,华北地区干旱强度不但具有显著的年代际变化特征,且年际振荡的信号也很强.华北地区四季的干旱强度变化在干旱期的开始时间、干旱持续时间和干旱强度等方面存在一定的差异.     

WATER EXCHANGES: TOOLS TO BEAT EL NIÑO CLIMATE VARIABILITY IN IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE1

ABSTRACT: Using a case study of the Yakima River Valley in Washington State, this paper shows that relatively simple tools can be used to forecast the impact of the El Niño phenomenon on water supplies to irrigated agriculture, that this information could be used to estimate the significantly shifted probability distribution of water shortages in irrigated agriculture during El Niño episodes, and that these shifted probabilities can be used to estimate the value of exchanges of water between crops to relieve some of the adverse consequences of such shortages under western water law. Further, recently devised water‐trading tools, while not completely free under western water law to respond to forecasted El Niño episodes (ocean circulation patterns), are currently being employed during declared drought to reduce the devastating effects of water shortages in junior water districts on high valued perennial crops. Additional institutional flexibility is needed to take full advantage of climate forecasting, but even current tools clearly could prove useful in controlling the effects of climate variability in irrigated agriculture. Analysis shows the significant benefit of temporarily transferring or renting water rights from low‐value to high‐value crops, based on El Niño forecasts.     

京杭运河(苏北段)污染状况分析

利用近几年京杭运河苏北各河段的监测结果，分析了京杭运河苏北段的污染状况和主要污染物以及污染来源。结果表明，京杭运河苏北段水质状况整体较差，总体水质为Ⅳ类，主要污染物为无机氮和有机物，最后对污染问题提出治理对策。     

2010年2月27日智利地震地球球型自由振荡研究

利用中国数字地震台网（CDSN）5个台站的波形资料,采用功率谱密度估计方法,提取了智利地震激发的地球球型自由振荡,并与地球初步参考模型（PREM）的理论自由振荡周期进行对比,发现球型振荡振型周期与地球初步参考模型预测的球型自由振荡周期基本吻合。所得结果可以进一步用来研究地震震源机制和地球内部结构,并对大地震的震源破裂分布给出一定的约束。     

天津港南部海区水体中活性磷酸盐的分布特征

根据2006年3月天津港南部海域水体活性磷酸盐的调查数据,对该区水体中活性磷酸盐的分布特征进行了分析,并与2003年4月的调查数据进行了对比,研究了该海域磷营养元素的地球化学特征及其反映的环境意义.结果表明,磷酸盐超标率2003年4月为23.8%,2006年3月为60%,2006年3月的活性磷酸盐含量总体上高于2003年4月的,虽然在第一类环境功能区站位2006年超标率有所降低,但第二类、第三类环境功能区站位在2006年3月均出现超标现象.超标可能是由于陆源废水和养殖废水的排放使该区域营养盐结构发生变化所致.活性磷酸盐的浓度由岸向海递减,等值线几乎与海岸线平行,这与调查海域受潮汐和陆源河流输入有很大关系.     

Climate Trends but Little Net Water Supply Shift in One of Canada's Most Water‐Stressed Regions over the Last Century

The southern interior ecoprovince (SIE) of British Columbia, Canada represents the northernmost extent of the great western North American deserts, it is experiencing some of the nation's fastest economic and population growth making it one of Canada's most water‐stressed regions, and it includes two headwater basins of the transboundary (Canada‐US) Columbia River. Statistical trend analyses were performed on 90‐year regional indicator time series for annual conditions in observed temperature, precipitation, and streamflow reflecting the three major SIE river basins: the Thompson, and transboundary Okanagan and Similkameen. Results suggest that regional climate has grown warmer and wetter, but with little net impact on total water supply availability. The outcome might reflect mutual cancellation of increases in precipitation inputs vs. evapotranspiration losses. Conclusions appeared largely insensitive to low‐pass data filtering, Pacific Decadal Oscillation effects, or solar output variability. Ensemble historical global climate model runs over the same time interval support this absence of appreciable trend in regionally integrated annual runoff volume, but a possible mismatch in precipitation results suggests a direction for further study. Overall, while important changes in hydrologic timing and extremes are likely occurring here, there is limited evidence for a net change in overall water supply availability over the last century.     

Effects of vent layout and vent area on dynamic characteristics of premixed methane-air explosion in a tube with two side-vented ducts

To further elucidate the influence mechanism of side vents on the dynamic characteristics of gas explosions in tubes is helpful to design more reasonable vent layouts. In this paper, 9.5% methane-air explosion experiments were conducted in a tube with two side-vented ducts, and the effects of vent layouts and vent areas on the dynamic characteristics of explosion overpressure and flame propagation speed were investigated. The results demonstrate that under the same condition with a single vent area of 100 mm × 100 mm, when only the end vent is open, the maximum explosion overpressure and the maximum flame propagation speed are the highest among the five vent layouts. When the side vents 1 and 2 and the end vent are open, the maximum explosion overpressure is the lowest, and an unusual discovery is that the flame front changes into a hemispherical shape, finger shape, quasi-plane shape, tulip shape and wrinkled structure. When only side vent 1 is open, a unique Helmholtz oscillation occurs, and a new discovery is that there is a consistent oscillation relationship among the overpressure, flame propagation speed and flame structure. Helmholtz oscillation occurs only when a single vent area is 100 mm × 100 mm–60 mm × 60 mm, and the oscillation degree decreases with decreasing vent area. During the vent failure stage, the maximum explosion overpressure is generated, the flame front begins to appear irregular shape, and the flame propagation speed shows a prominent characteristic peak. After the vent failure stage, the driving effect of the end vent on the flame is higher than that of the side vent on the flame. Furthermore, the correlation equations of the mathematical relationships among the maximum explosion overpressure P_red, the static activation pressure P_stat and the vent coefficient K_v under four vent layouts are established, respectively.     

Ochrobactrum anthropi 对苯胺的降解特性

利用自行筛选驯经的苯胺降解菌人苍白杆菌对影响胺降解的各种主要因素进行了研究。发现降解菌在３５℃,ＰＨ．下及苯胺初始浓度２００－８００ｍｇ／Ｌ的范围内保持高活必在最大降解速率率达到１０．０５ｍｇ．（Ｌ．ｈ）＾－１。     

南黄海不同粒度表层沉积物中可转化氮与环境因子的关系

南黄海不同粒度表层沉积物中可转化氮的形成与释放受环境因子的驱动作用各不相同,上覆水体的温度、盐度、pH值、DO的含量以及NH4^ 和NO3^-的含量都对其有一定的影响．其中DO是不同形态的氮形成与释放最显著的影响因素,这是因为上覆水体中DO的含量愈高,扩散进入表层沉积物中的O2就愈多,沉积物处于相对氧化的环境中,有机质的矿化作用较易进行,致使无机形态氮的含量相对较高,而有机形态氮的含量相对较低,所以其与可转化有机形态氮呈负相关,而与可转化无机形态氮呈正相关．温度与中、细粒度沉积物中的SOEF-N的含量呈显著正相关,可能是因为温度的升高加快了海洋底栖生物的生长发育,使生物排泄物和死亡残体增多,尽管温度的升高加快了沉积物中有机质的矿化分解,但由于中、细粒度沉积物堆积紧密,对温度的响应不明显,致使SOEF-N的含量随温度的升高而升高．上覆水体中的NH;和NO3^-分别与中、细粒度沉积物中的SAEF-N和SOEF-N的含量呈正相关,说明上覆水体中的NH4^ 和NO3^-主要来自于沉积物中SAEF-N和SOEF-N的形成与释放．另外,粗粒度沉积物中不同形态的氮对环境的响应较中、细粒度沉积物中的强．     

Structural response for vented methane–air deflagrations: Effects of volumetric blockage ratio

To investigate the effects of cylinders placed parallel to the venting direction on the structural response of the vessel walls to an explosion, 25 batches of vented explosion tests were conducted in a 1 m³ rectangular vessel. Two types of structural response with different amplitudes and frequency distributions were observed and evaluated by comparing the vibration data with both the pressure data and high-speed videos. A low-amplitude structural response of approximately 150–250 m/s², which increased slightly as VBR increased, was triggered by a combination of the initial flame propagation, external explosion, Helmholtz oscillations, and the Taylor instability. A high-amplitude structural response of approximately 9500 m/s² was also observed, which decreased sharply as VBR increased. Additionally, the high amplitude response was never observed when more than two cylinders were present in the vessel. The high amplitude response was triggered due to the coupling between the acoustic wave, the flame, and the resonance of the vessel. The presence of obstacles did not increase the severity of the structural responses under the current experimental conditions. To the contrary, the presence of obstacles in the container attenuated or even inhibited the high-amplitude vibration of the container caused by the explosion.