Environmental and resource sustainability of Chinese cities: A review of issues,policies, practices and effects

This paper synthesizes the English literature on current issues, policies and practices, and their effects on environmental and resource sustainability in China's ongoing urbanization. Aspects of urban sustainability reviewed include air, water, solid waste, energy efficiency, transportation and land use. It shows that Chinese cities have been and probably will continue to be struggling with issues such as air pollution, scarcity of clean water, solid waste and greenhouse gas emissions. But there are many opportunities for improvement. It suggests shortages of existing policies and major gaps in knowledge and practice, which can be helpful to policy makers, planners and researchers in China and other developing countries.     

抗生素在环境中的迁移转化及生物效应研究进展

抗生素被长期大量地使用于人和动物的疾病治疗,同时作为饲料添加剂长期使用于畜牧业及水产养殖业。然而,大部分抗生素不能完全被机体吸收,大量的抗生素以原形或代谢物形式经由病人和禽畜粪尿排入环境,经不同途径进入土壤和水体,从而造成环境污染。多项研究显示在城镇废水和地表水中检测到了抗生素的存在,但关于抗生素在环境中的迁移转化及生物效应等研究资料很少。环境中的抗生素会对微生物、水生生物、土壤生物和植物等产生危害,并产生大量耐药菌,影响禽畜等的正常生长,进而对人类健康及整个生态系统构成威胁。为评估抗生素在环境中潜在的危害,本文就抗生素在环境中的迁移转化以及生物效应等多方面进行综述,并提出了今后研究的方向。     

提升高校环境教育效果的对策

本文论证了高校开展环境教育的必要性,总结了高校环境教育的现状,在分析导致高校环境教育效果差强人意的原因后,为提升高校环境教育效果,提出包括立法在内的一系列对策.     

环渤海地区海洋经济发展及地域空间差异分析

环渤海地区海洋资源丰富,地区经济的发展壮大在很大程度上依赖于对海洋资源的开发利用.概述了环渤海地区海洋经济的发展现状,应用区域空间差异的定量分析方法与模型(标准方差、加权变差系数、集中化指数、最小方差法等)分析了环渤海四海市主要海洋产业的空间集聚与扩散程度,总结出它们发展海洋经济的民同,提出了促进环渤海地区海洋经济发展的建议.     

陕西关中地区旅游流"井喷效应"的时空演变规律

旅游流"井喷现象"是特殊时段旅游流时空分布的特殊现象之一,其时空分布规律研究有助于旅游目的地的科学管理参照.选取关中地区旅游资源丰富的西安、宝鸡、华山三地作为案例,建立"黄金周"客流周内波动指数R,周内分布偏度指数G,并使用相关分析和Pearson相关系数,分析陕西关中地区特殊时段内旅游流"井喷效应"的时空演变规律.结果显示,在假日制度时间约束下,旅游流呈现"井喷现象"显著,一级旅游目的地城市的旅游资源属性、周边地区旅游资源配置和区位交通状况共同影响着游客的空间选择行为,从而影响区域旅游流的时间和空间分布.     

1949年以来河南省城镇化进程及城镇密集区研究

河南省是中部地区城镇化水平较高较快的省份,研究其城镇化格局与过程对提升河南省城镇化的质量具有重要的示范意义与应用价值.在时间进程方面,对建国后河南省的城镇化时间进程进行了阶段划分和原因分析;在空间进程方面,考虑到统计口径和有些年份数据的缺失,采用对比分析方法进行空间分析并通过kernel密度分析方法进行了辅助分析.研究表明,河南省城镇化时间进程存在明显差异,且在1949-2009年间不断扩大;河南省城镇化水平空间分布格局“中间密、外围疏”的基本倾向没有发生根本性变更;河南省城镇化水平发育逐渐趋于稳定的差异化发展;河南省城镇密集区1995年之后逐步形成,2000年后城镇密集区的集聚核心区逐步发育成长.     

铅在搬迁企业原址场地土壤中的空间分布及生态风险

对重庆市某实施搬迁的烧结厂原址场地土壤中的铅进行了测定.采用富集系数法,研究了该企业原址场地土壤中铅的空间分布;采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法,评价了土壤铅的生态风险.研究表明,土壤总铅含量在23.4-8.90×10<'3>mg·kg<'-1>之间,其最大含量严重超过国家相应标准(HJ350-2007).土壤铅...     

Forecasting population trend from the scaling pattern of occupancy

Forecasting the temporal trend of a focal species, its range expansion or retraction, provides crucial information regarding population viability. To this end, we require the accumulation of temporal records which is evidently time consuming. Progress in spatial data capturing has enabled rapid and accurate assessment of species distribution across large scales. Therefore, it would be appealing to infer the temporal trends of populations from the spatial structure of their distributions. Based on a combination of models from the fields of range dynamics, occupancy scaling and spatial autocorrelation, here I present a model for forecasting the population trend solely from its spatial distribution. Numerical tests using cellular automata confirm a positive correlation, as inferred from the model, between the temporal change in species range sizes and the exponent of the power-law scaling pattern of occupancy. The model is thus recommended for rapid estimation of species range dynamics from a single snapshot of its current distribution. Further applications in biodiversity conservation could provide a swift risk assessment, especially, for endangered and invasive species.     

Integrating soil carbon cycling with that of nitrogen and phosphorus in the watershed model SWAT: Theory and model testing

In this paper we describe and test a sub-model that integrates the cycling of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) watershed model. The core of the sub-model is a multi-layer, one-pool soil organic carbon (S_C) algorithm, in which the decomposition rate of S_C and input rate to S_C (through decomposition and humification of residues) depend on the current size of S_C. The organic N and P fluxes are coupled to that of C and depend on the available mineral N and P, and the C:N and N:P ratios of the decomposing pools. Tillage explicitly affects the soil organic matter turnover rate through tool-specific coefficients. Unlike most models, the turnover of soil organic matter does not follow first order kinetics. Each soil layer has a specific maximum capacity to accumulate C or C saturation (S_x) that depends on texture and controls the turnover rate. It is shown in an analytical solution that S_x is a parameter with major influence in the model C dynamics. Testing with a 65-yr data set from the dryland wheat growing region in Oregon shows that the model adequately simulates the S_C dynamics in the topsoil (top 0.3 m) for three different treatments. Three key model parameters, the optimal decomposition and humification rates and a factor controlling the effect of soil moisture and temperature on the decomposition rate, showed low uncertainty as determined by generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation. Nonetheless, the parameter set that provided accurate simulations in the topsoil tended to overestimate S_C in the subsoil, suggesting that a mechanism that expresses at depth might not be represented in the current sub-model structure. The explicit integration of C, N, and P fluxes allows for a more cohesive simulation of nutrient cycling in the SWAT model. The sub-model has to be tested in forestland and rangeland in addition to agricultural land, and in diverse soils with extreme properties such high or low pH, an organic horizon, or volcanic soils.