DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF A SPATIAL HYDROLOGY MODEL OF OKEFENOKEE SWAMP,GEORGIA1

ABSTRACT: :The model described herein was used to assess effects of the Suwannee River sill (a low earthen dam constructed to impound the Suwannee River within the Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge to eliminate wildfires) on the hydrologic environment of Okefenokee Swamp, Georgia. Developed with Arc/Info Macro Language routines in the GRID environment, the model distributes water in the swamp landscape using precipitation, inflow, evapotranspiration, outflow, and standing water. Water movement direction and rate are determined by the neighborhood topographic gradient, determined using survey grade Global Positioning Systems technology. Model data include flow rates from USGS monitored gauges, precipitation volumes and water levels measured within the swamp, and estimated evapotranspiration volumes spatially modified by vegetation type. Model output in semi‐monthly time steps includes water depth, water surface elevation above mean sea level, and movement direction and volume. Model simulations indicate the sill impoundment affects 18 percent of the swamp during high water conditions when wildfires are scarce and has minimal spatial effect (increasing hydroperiods in less than 5 percent of the swamp) during low water and drought conditions when fire occurrence is high but precipitation and inflow volumes are limited.     

红枫湖水体中活性汞和溶解气态汞的分布特征及其控制因素

基于二次金汞齐结合冷原子荧光测定法对红枫湖活性汞(RHg)和溶解气态汞(DGM)的时空分布特征及其控制因素进行了研究. 红枫湖溶解气态汞含量(ρ(DGM))为0.024～0.110 ng/L,随着水深的增加ρ(DGM)降低,且夏季高,冬季低,这种分布特征表明光在原子态汞的形成中起着重要的作用. 红枫湖ρ(DGM)除受光强影响外,还受到春季后五大量生长的藻类影响,但与溶解性有机碳含量(ρ(DOC))及温度的相关性不大. 活性汞含量(ρ(RHg))为0.14～2.70 ng/L,其主要受Hg2+的光致还原过程,Hg2+的甲基化过程以及人为源的释放等因素的控制.      

Comparing environmental influences on coral bleaching across and within species using clustered binomial regression

Differential susceptibility among reef-building coral species can lead to community shifts and loss of diversity as a result of temperature-induced mass bleaching events. We evaluate environmental influences on coral colony bleaching over an 8-year period in the Florida Keys, USA. Clustered binomial regression is used to develop models incorporating taxon-specific responses to the environment in order to identify conditions and species for which bleaching is likely to be severe. By building three separate models incorporating environment, community composition, and taxon-specific responses to environment, we show observed prevalence of bleaching reflects an interaction between community composition and local environmental conditions. Environmental variables, including elevated sea temperature, solar radiation, and reef depth, explained 90% and 78% of variability in colony bleaching across space and time, respectively. The effects of environmental variables were only partially explained (33% of variability) by corresponding differences in community composition. Taxon-specific models indicated individual coral species responded differently to local environmental conditions and had different sensitivities to temperature-induced bleaching. For many coral species, but not all, bleaching was exacerbated by high solar radiation. A 25% reduction in the probability of bleaching in shallow locations for one species may reflect an ability to acclimatize to local conditions. Overall, model results indicate predictions of coral bleaching require knowledge of not just the environmental conditions or community composition, but the responses of individual species to the environment. Model development provides a useful tool for coral reef management by quantifying the influence of the local environment on individual species bleaching sensitivities, identifying susceptible species, and predicting the likelihood of mass bleaching events with changing environmental conditions.     

Ontogenetic and spatio-temporal patterns of induced volatiles in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Glycine max</Emphasis> in the light of the optimal defence hypothesis

Summary. Plants attacked by herbivorous insects emit a blend of volatile compounds that serve as important host location cues for parasitoid wasps. Variability in the released blend may exist on the whole-plant and withinplant level and can affect the foraging efficiency of parasitoids. We comprehensively assessed the kinetics of herbivore-induced volatiles in soybean in the context of growth stage, plant organ, leaf age, and direction of signal transport. The observed patterns were used to test the predictions of the optimal defence hypothesis (OD). We found that plants in the vegetative stage emitted 10-fold more volatiles per biomass than reproductive plants and young leaves emitted >2.6 times more volatiles than old leaves. Systemic induction in single leaves was stronger and faster by one day in acropetal than in basipetal direction while no systemic induction was found in pods. Herbivore-damaged leaves had a 200-fold higher release rate than pods. To some extent these findings support the OD: i) indirect defence levels were increased in response to herbivory and ii) young leaves, which are more valuable, emitted more volatiles. However, the fact that reproductive structures emitted no constitutive or very few inducible volatiles is in seeming contrast to the OD predictions. We argue that in case of volatile emission the OD can only partially explain the patterns of defence allocation due to the peculiarity that volatiles act as signals not as toxins or repellents.     

复合垂直流人工湿地基质氧化还原酶活性研究

对复合垂直流人工湿地系统(IVCW)基质中5种常见的氧化还原酶活性进行了研究.结果表明,氧化还原酶活性存在显著性季节差异,过氧化物酶在春、夏、秋三季的酶活性显著高于冬季的酶活性(P＜0.05);多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶的活性最高在秋季;脱氢酶在夏、冬两季时酶活性显著高于秋季和春季的酶活性(P＜0.05);硝酸盐还原酶在春、冬季时显著高于夏、秋季(P＜0.01).空间分布上,除过氧化物酶外,湿地下行流池的酶活性显著高于上行流池,并且随着基质深度的增加递减;但基质硝酸盐还原酶各层之间差异不显著.图6表3参17     

序贯高斯法模拟新沂、东海农业区土壤砷空间变异性

采用序贯高斯条件模拟值法,研究了江苏省新沂、东海农业区土壤砷含量空间变异性.结果表明,研究区土壤砷为正偏态分布,经高斯非线性转化后,符合二阶平稳假设.其经验半变异函数表现为各向同性.采用加权多项式法,对经验半变异函数拟合结果进行评价,并根据结果选择了带块金效应的高斯模型作为拟合模型.对研究区砷分布情况进行了100次模拟,模拟结果平稳.根据模拟数据与实际监测数据的关系,采用相关系数法选择最终模拟结果.研究区西北部土壤砷含量最高,中北部最低.     

西藏生物质能开发的资源、环境基础分析

开发生物质能是缓解能源供应紧张、环境污染严重这两大难题的理性选择。而由于生物质能蕴藏于生物质中,生物质又与区域自然地理特征息息相关,因此,各地发展生物质能具有明显的区域特性,不可一刀切。论文分析了西藏发展生物质能的资源条件和环境基础,认为西藏生物质能资源总量大而单位面积的生物净初级生产量不高,自然环境脆弱且生物质能利用与环境关系紧张。在前人关于西藏的太阳能、生物量、净初级生产量研究基础上,从生物质能转化过程的角度,提出了可利用生产量的概念及生物质能可持续利用的模式,继而估算出了西藏的生物质能资源总量2400×10⁴tce/a。最后,在肯定西藏生物质能开发的可行性的同时,提出了因地制宜,适度开发的战略。     

我国西南地区1960～2000年降水资源变化的时空特征

利用我国西南地区96个测站近40a的月降水量资料,采用主成分分析、旋转主成分分析、小波分析等方法对西南地区年降水资源变化的时空特征进行了分析。结果表明:近40a西南地区的西部高原地区降水资源呈增加趋势,而东部除重庆地区外,大部分地区降水资源减少。西南地区年降水资源空间特征复杂,存在南北和东西相反变化的差异,空间异常可分为8个异常区,即滇南区、川西高原区、滇黔交界区、四川盆地东部、四川盆地西部、滇西区、黔渝交界区和凉山区。西部高原地区年降水量都经历了多雨-少雨-多雨的过程,20世纪90年代降水量呈增加的趋势,四川盆地东部经历了少雨-多雨-少雨的过程,四川盆地西部和整个西南地区东南部的降水量整体都呈下降趋势。川西高原区、滇南区和滇黔交界区在整个时段存在显著的准14a周期,其他异常区的显著周期及其年代变化有较大差异。     

人工湿地基质中酶活性和细菌生理群的时空动态特征

对复合垂直流人工湿地基质中6种酶酶活性和5种细菌生理类群数量进行了测定.结果表明各种酶酶活性在不同月份存在显著差异(p<0.05):纤维素酶、蛋白酶和磷酸酶在6月、9月和12月时都表现出较高的酶活性,并且都显著地高于3月的酶活性;β-葡萄糖苷酶在6月时酶活性显著地高于其它月;而脲酶活性在9月和12月时极显著地高于3月和6月(p<0.01);脱氢酶酶活性在6月和12月时明显高于3月和9月.相比较而言,6种酶酶活性的空间特征较为一致,下行流池酶活性显著高于上行流池活性(p<0.05),并且随着基质层深度的增加,酶活性亦相对递减.细菌生理类群数量在6月和9月达到高峰,并且所反映出来的空间规律与酶活性有一致性.     

一种异养生物膜(heterogeneous biofilms)活细胞生物量的空间变化

根据文献数据研究了一种正常发育的异养生物膜中活细胞生物量的空间变化特征,运用双自然对数相关分析和分形几何学分析方法发现：异养生物膜中活细胞生物量与生物膜的表面积或面积之间具有显著的双自然对数正相关关系;活细胞生物量在空间上呈现异速生长特性和分形几何学生长特征;活细胞生物量的分维值（D）指示了活细胞生物量在生物膜中空间分布的非均匀程度,并因随生物膜发育阶段变化而能够指示生物膜系统的发育演化进程,将生物膜活细胞生物量和分形几何学结合起来,提供了一种相对目前流行的像素分析法更为简便的认识生物膜空间结构及其变化的新方法。