印度洋中南部长鳍金枪鱼繁殖栖息的适应性

根据2009年3～4月在印度洋中南部水域作业的中国金枪鱼延绳钓渔船上收集数据,基于反映鱼类繁殖能力的重要指标—性腺指数(GSI)及其影响因素—表温(SST)、100 m水层的水温(TEMP)及200 m水层的溶解氧浓度(DO),对长鳍金枪鱼繁殖栖息地适应性进行分析。结果表明,表温、表层盐度、100 m水层的水温及200 m水层的DO与印度洋中南部长鳍金枪鱼GSI的最佳上界分位数回归方程分别为pGSISST0.55=159.47-12.20SST0.55+0.24SST20.55,pGSISSS0.70=527.22-28.51 SSS0.70+0.39SSS20.70,pGSITEMP0.55=2.25-0.23TEMP0.55-0.01TEMP20.55和pGSIDO0.70=53.71-17.66DO0.70+1.49DO20.70。调查区域长鳍金枪鱼繁殖栖息地指数分布在0.52～0.97之间。自北向南,繁殖栖息地指数有逐渐增加的趋势,25°S以南水域,繁殖栖息地指数基本上维持在0.65以下。本研究为阐明印度洋长鳍金枪鱼的繁殖空间分布提供了一条新的思路。     

改性砾石-电凝聚协同法去除高浓度磷

考察了改性砾石分别与氢氧化钙沉淀法、电凝聚法协同除去高浓度磷的效果。结果表明,酸改性砾石对高浓度磷去除率达76.92%,与氢氧化钙协同作用,pH为9时,磷的去除率为99.57%。改性砾石协同电凝聚法去除高浓度磷,在pH为7时磷的去除率达到99.75%,残留磷浓度仅为0.25 mg/L,与单一砾石或砾石协同氢氧化钙方法的除磷的结果相比较,改性砾石协同电凝聚法除磷方法具有明显优势。     

REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF METHODS FOR QUANTIFYING INSTREAM FLOW REQUIREMENTS1

ABSTRACT: Present guidelines for selecting a method to determine instream flow requirements and evaluating the validity of the results from a particular method are insufficient. This paper contributes to the efforts of researchers to develop a guide and critique for instream flow methods. A review of instreani flow methods and recommendations for their application is supplemented by a summary of a comparison of four independent analyses. The four analyses: the Physical Habitat Simulation System approach of the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Montana Method by Tennant, and two methods by Orsborn (Maximum Spawning Area Flow and Maximum Spawning Area) represent resource intensive and simplistic data collection and analysis methods. Each analysis was used to independently determine flows to support spawning by chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in Willow Creek, Alaska. Results of these analyses indicate that each method can be used independently or collectively to generate instream flow recommendations, if calibrated to the site or area studied. Once adjusted to the species and basin of interest, methods similar to the Montana and two Orsborn methods should be used to determine flow recommendations for areas where competition for water is minimal. The Instream Flow Incremental Methodology or similar methods should be applied when competition for water is keen or when detailed evaluations of the responses of species/life phases to flow variations are required.     

Plasticity in spawning visits of female damselfish, Stegastes nigricans : effect of distance to mates

Both sexes of the damselfish Stegastes nigricans hold individual territories in which they feed on filamentous algae. At dawn, females visit males' territories to spawn, and the males guard the eggs until hatching. We examined how females' spawning behavior varied according to the distances to their mates. Females usually mated with a single male per morning. The distance to the territory of a mate (0.7–12.8 m) did not affect a female's total spawning time per morning, but affected the number of her spawning visits with that male. Females made many repeated spawning visits when spawning with males at short distances, while they spawned the entire clutch in one visit when spawning with males at long distances. This plasticity in female behavior appears to be related to two costs during the spawning visits: (1) intrusions by other fish to feed on algae in the female's territory during her absence, which may cause the female to return repeatedly to her territory for defense, and (2) attacks on the female by other territorial fish, which increased with the distance to their mates' territories. To minimize the sum of both costs, females should change the number of spawning visits depending on the distance to the males' territories. Received: 30 September 1996 / Accepted after revision: 17 March 1997     

Effect of pore-water velocity on chemical nonequilibrium transport of Cd,Zn, and Pb in alluvial gravel columns

This paper investigates the effects of pore-water velocity on chemical nonequilibrium during transport of Cd, Zn, and Pb through alluvial gravel columns. Three pore-water velocities ranging from 3 to 60 m/day were applied to triplicate columns for each metal. Model results for the symmetric breakthrough curves (BTCs) of tritium (3H2O) data suggest that physical nonequilibrium components were absent in the uniformly packed columns used in these studies. As a result, values of pore-water velocity and dispersion coefficient were estimated from fitting 3H2O BTCs to an equilibrium model. The BTCs of metals display long tailing, indicating presence of chemical nonequilibrium in the system, which was further supported by the decreased metal concentrations during flow interruption. The BTCs of the metals were analysed using a two-site model, and transport parameters were derived using the CXTFIT curve-fitting program. The model results indicate that the partitioning coefficient (beta), forward rate (k1), and backward rate (k2) are positively correlated with pore-water velocity (V); while the retardation factor (R), mass transfer coefficient ((omega), and ratio of k1/k2 are inversely correlated with V. There is no apparent relationship between the fraction of exchange sites at equilibrium (f) and V. The influence of Von k2 is much greater than on R, beta, omega, and k1. A one-order-of-magnitude change in V would cause a two-order-of-magnitude change in k2 while resulting in only a one order-of-magnitude change in R, beta, omega, and k1. The forward rates for the metals are found to be two to three orders-of-magnitude greater than the corresponding backward rate. However, the difference between the two rates reduces with increasing pore-water velocity. Model results also suggest that Cd and Zn behave similarly, while Pb is much more strongly sorbed. At input concentrations of about 4 mg/l and pore-water velocities of 3-60 m/day in the groundwater within alluvial gravel, this study suggests retardation factors of 26-289 for Cd, 24-255 for Zn, and 322-6377 for Pb.     

Seasonality of spawning by tropical anguillid eels around Sulawesi Island, Indonesia

Remarkably little is known about the life histories of the many tropical anguillid eels distributed across the Indo-Pacific region, and since the Danish expedition to study eels in the region in 1928 and 1929, research on these eels has only begun again in recent years. Sampling for anguillid leptocephali in the Indonesian Seas has been carried out recently to learn about the spawning ecology and larval distributions of tropical eels there. The leptocephali of Anguilla marmorata, Anguilla bicolor pacifica, Anguilla borneensis, Anguilla interioris, and Anguilla celebesensis were collected around Sulawesi Island both in May 2001 and October of 2002. The development of genetic identification techniques has enabled these leptocephali to be identified to species, and their distributions and sizes during different seasons indicated that there are differing life history patterns among sympatric species in the region. A. celebesensis was found to have been spawning in Tomini Bay of northeastern Sulawesi Island in March and April 2001, but apparently, no spawning had occurred in the late summer and fall of 2002. Studies on anguillid glass eels have suggested that tropical anguillids may spawn throughout much of year, but our research on leptocephali in Tomini Bay and data on the downstream migration of tropical anguillids in the major tributary to Tomini Bay indicate that A. celebesensis may have a distinct seasonal pattern of spawning possibly related to the regional monsoon cycles. This is the first evidence of seasonality of spawning in tropical anguillid eels whose life histories are only just beginning to be revealed.     

石油类污染物在砂砾石层中的迁移与分布

利用静态模拟实验研究河滩砂砾石对油类的静态吸附特性,确定平稳吸附等温方程。通过土柱实验模拟油类在砂砾石中的迁移过程,建立油类在砂砾石层中迁移的数学模拟模型,确定模型参数,以此预测油类砂砾石中的迁移。     

三峡水库生态调度试验对四大家鱼产卵的影响分析

2011年以来,三峡水库持续开展了促进长江中游四大家鱼产卵的生态调度试验.采用鱼类早期资源调查方法研究了三峡水库生态调度实施以来四大家鱼自然繁殖、水文环境要素的年际变化特征,采用系统重构方法分析了四大家鱼自然繁殖的关键生态水文要素,提出了宜昌江段涨水过程的生态调度优化条件.结果表明:①2012—2018年三峡水库共开展了11次生态调度试验,生态调度使得宜昌江段持续涨水时间范围为2~9 d,水位日均涨幅范围为0.43~1.83 m,流量日均增幅范围为1 080~5 800 m3/s,起始水温范围为17.5~23.5℃.②沙市江段监测到四大家鱼鱼卵时的水温分布范围为19.2~25.5℃、平均值为22.5℃,流量分布范围为11 000~33 600 m3/s、平均值为16 890 m3/s;水温平均值在各年份间没有显著性差异,流量平均值在各年份间有显著性差异.③沙市江段四大家鱼鱼卵组成以草鱼和鲢为主,二者年均产卵量约占总产卵量的85%,青鱼和鳙年均产卵量约占总产卵量的15%.除2016年外,生态调度期间四大家鱼的产卵量占监测期间四大家鱼总产卵量的比例较大,变动范围为31.90%~66.58%.生态调度期间,四大家鱼自然繁殖性能普遍好于非生态调度时期,表现为产卵持续时间更长、产卵场范围更广、单次洪峰的产卵规模更大,证实了实施生态调度的有效性.④持续涨水天数、初始水位和产卵时序是影响2012—2018年宜昌至沙市江段四大家鱼产卵量的重要生态水文参数.⑤为增加宜昌至沙市江段四大家鱼产卵量,宜昌江段需满足的水文条件为断面初始流量达14 000 m3/s,持续涨水4 d以上,水位日涨幅平均大于0.5 m,流量日增幅平均大于2 000 m3/s,与前一次洪峰的间隔时间在5 d以上.研究显示,三峡水库连续实施生态调度对近年来长江中游四大家鱼的种群恢复起到了一定的作用,未来应将建模和监测手段整合到生态调度试验中以分析长期的生态响应,并建立一套科学的生态调度效果评价体系来评价流量调节对四大家鱼产卵活动的影响.      

浆固碎石桩荷载传递特性试验与数值分析

通过室内模型试验,对浆固碎石桩这一新型桩基技术的承载性状、荷载传递特性进行了探讨。试验结果显示,浆固碎石桩极限承载力明显大于桩底注浆桩和素混凝土桩的极限承载力,说明浆固碎石桩中水泥砂浆胶结桩侧泥皮和桩底沉渣改善了桩侧摩阻和端阻能力。通过对模型桩P—S关系、桩端阻力Q_p—P关系的分析,初步了解了浆固碎石桩在竖向荷载作用下的承载性状,同时给出了浆固碎石桩的端阻力及侧摩阻力的提高系数。在此基础上,利用Flac~(3D)三维有限差分软件对模型试验进行计算分析,进一步研究浆固碎石柱的承载性状,揭示了模型桩受荷后的荷载传递规律。     

浆固碎石桩单桩轴向荷载传递分析

浆固碎石桩是一种新型的桩基技术,已成功应用于铁路、高速公路等工程中。但由于浆固区的存在,浆固碎石桩荷载传递机理的复杂性制约了其发展和工程应用。荷载传递分析法是桩荷载传递机理分析的重要方法之一。本文采用线性弹塑性和双折线传递函数,分别模拟桩侧土体的非线性和桩端土的硬化特性,同时考虑浆固区存在对桩荷载传递的影响,推导出一种浆固碎石桩单桩荷载传递分析方法。最后,通过对工程实例进行计算,验证了本文计算方法的实用性。结果表明,浆固碎石桩除具有一般刚性桩的桩体置换作用外,浆固区的存在对提高浆固碎石桩承载力、减小沉降量也有着重要作用。