电化学技术在印制电路板含铜废液处理的应用

电化学技术因具有工艺灵活、易于控制和环境友好等优点倍受研究者关注.简要介绍了常用的电化学技术,包括内电解、常规电解和膜电解等基本原理.综述了上述电化学技术在印制电路板含铜废液再生或铜电解回收中的应用概况,分析了各种技术的优缺点,并展望了处理含铜废液电化学技术的发展前景.     

废旧三元锂离子电池回收利用碳足迹

公路运输是我国交通运输领域主要温室气体排放源,新能源汽车行业作为实现交通运输领域“双碳”目标的重要抓手,未来面临大批动力电池报废情况,为量化评估废旧锂电池回收利用行业产生的碳减排效益,从生命周期角度构建废旧三元锂电池回收利用碳足迹核算模型,通过优化电力结构和运输结构,对废旧锂电池回收利用的碳减排潜力作预测评估,此外,使用误差传播方程进行不确定性分析保证碳足迹结果的可靠有效.结果表明,当前中国企业使用湿法技术回收1 kg废旧三元锂电池的碳足迹为-2760.90 g（定向循环工艺）和-3752.78 g（循环再造工艺）,碳足迹的不确定性分别为16 %（定向循环工艺）和15 %（循环再造工艺）.从碳排放贡献率分析,再生产品阶段是废旧三元锂电池湿法回收利用减碳首要贡献来源,电池获取、拆解和末端处置阶段是增碳主要来源.相比于优化运输结构,通过优化电力结构,可有效实现更大的碳减排潜力,协同优化情景下,相比于优化前可实现14 %~19 %的碳减排,与原生产品相比定向循环工艺和循环再造工艺分别可实现9 %和11 %的减排潜力.     

不同时期添加蘑菇渣对落叶堆肥过程的影响

研究不同时期添加蘑菇渣对落叶堆肥过程的影响.结果表明:堆肥降温期添加蘑菇渣有利于提高有机质的降解率,堆肥末期各处理有机质降解率分别为15.85%,10.17%,12.90%和15.16%;有利于吸收固定堆肥中的氨,减少氨的挥发,降低堆肥的pH值.在堆肥初始一次性添加蘑菇渣,有利于堆肥总氮的积累,提高堆肥产品中胡敏酸和腐殖质含量,降低堆肥总氮损失率.在堆肥初始和降温期分次添加蘑菇渣有利于堆肥硝态氮的合成,富里酸的分解以及HA/FA的增加.在整个堆肥过程中,各处理HA和HA/FA均呈增加趋势,FA呈降低趋势,较好地反映了落叶堆肥的腐熟程度.在堆肥不同阶段添加蘑菇渣各有其优点,综合后认为在堆肥初始添加蘑菇渣的效果最为理想.     

硫酸法生产钛白的三废治理

介绍了硫酸法生产Ｂ－１０涂料钛白粉生产过程中产生的三废的回收利用和处理措施。     

Complementary Roles of Home Gardens and Exotic Tree Plantations as Alternative Habitats for Plants of the Ethiopian Montane Rainforest

Abstract:  Many tropical forests have been converted for agri- or silviculture or a combination of both (agroforestry). Conservation at a landscape scale requires an understanding of the distribution and abundance of native biodiversity in these converted natural ecosystems, of which the knowledge is especially poor for African agroecosystems. We compared species density and species composition of four plant groups (trees and shrubs, epiphytic vascular plants, mosses, and liverworts) among three arboreal land-use types in southwestern Ethiopia (montane rainforest fragments, shade-tree coffee home gardens, and exotic tree plantations). Species density was significantly higher in forests than in coffee home gardens for all plant groups and in exotic tree plantations for all groups except mosses. Home gardens had more vascular epiphytic species than plantations, whereas the reverse was true for mosses and liverworts. The species composition of the forest plots was sometimes more similar to home-garden plots than plantation plots and sometimes vice versa. Fifteen forest plots had, however, cumulatively more species than a random selection of 15 nonforest (coffee home garden and plantation) plots, even if the 2 plot types complemented each other in terms of habitats for forest plants. Tree plantations dominated by Eucalyptus had many small trees and shrubs in common with forests, whereas plantations with Cupressus were important substrates for forests mosses and liverworts. Our results illustrate the importance of undisturbed forests habitats for conservation of species at a landscape scale and that different human-made land-use types may complement each other in their capacity as additional habitats for forest species.     

Assessment of a process to degrade metal working fluids using Pseudomonas stutzeri CECT 930 and indigenous microbial consortia

The development of a novel biological process to treat metal working fluids (MWFs)-containing effluents at bioreactor scale was pursued in this work. The bacteria Pseudomonas stutzeri CECT 930 was investigated for the first time as an alternative agent for MWF degradation. An adequate medium design and mixing and aeration system, as well as an appropriate microorganism proved to be crucial for reaching high levels of degradation by P. stutzeri and by an indigenous consortium (about 70% and 50% of reduction in total petroleum hydrocarbon content in less than 2 wk, respectively). Additionally, as there is no information in literature trying to kinetically characterize an MWF-polluted effluent degradation process, all the experimental data were fitted to logistic and Luedeking and Piret models, that allowed to elucidate the growth-associated character of the biodegradation process.     

我国废炼油催化剂的产生量、危害及处理方法

根据我国每年的石油消费量估算了当年的废炼油催化剂产生量,预测2015年我国废炼油催化剂的产生量将达到2.07×105 t。介绍了废炼油催化剂的主要成分、含量与危害,分别论述了废流化催化裂化催化剂、废催化加氢催化剂和废催化重整催化剂的处理和利用方法,指出废炼油催化剂的再生及资源化和无害化应是未来的重点研究方向。     

蚀刻废液及其回收后生产的铜盐产品中PCDD/Fs含量水平及分布特征

通过高分辨气相色谱-高分辨磁质谱联用仪(HRGC-HRMS)测定了蚀刻废液及其回收利用后生产的铜盐产品中17种2,3,7,8取代PCDD/Fs的浓度.结果表明,蚀刻废液中PCDD/Fs浓度范围为0～3 460 pg·L-1,平均值为616 pg·L-1,毒性当量浓度WHO-TEQ范围为0～246 pg·L-1,平均值为42.9 pg·L-1;铜盐产品中PCDD/Fs浓度范围为1.08～24.6 ng·kg-1,平均值为8.83 ng·kg-1,毒性当量浓度WHO-TEQ范围为0.112～0.715 ng·kg-1,平均值为0.338 ng·kg-1.通过净化处理工艺可以除去蚀刻废液中大部分PCDD/Fs.在蚀刻废液生产的各级产品中,工业级产品中PCDD/Fs浓度高于饲料级与电镀级产品.各铜盐产品中PCDD/Fs具有相似的单体分布特征:①PCDFs的百分含量明显高于PCDDs;②除硫酸铜类产品中的2,3,7,8-TCDF外,单体的氯取代数越大,百分比含量越高.     

基于真空技术的废旧锌锰干电池干湿法综合处理技术

在机械分离废旧干电池外层金属分离技术基础上,提出了一种基于真空技术的干湿法废旧锌锰干电池综合处理工艺技术方法,它具有回收利用率高、能耗小、二次污染小、设备投资少的优点,利于中小城市乃至城镇对废旧干电池的处理与回收利用,具有较大的经济效益和社会效益。可供从事相关领域研究的技术人员参考。     

微生物燃料电池浸取废旧锂电池的影响因素分析

将MFC的阴极还原能力应用于废旧锂电池正极材料LiCoO_2的还原浸取.构建了以弱酸中LiCoO_2作为化学阴极电子受体的双室MFC,探讨了MFC阴极浸取还原LiCoO_2的可行性,并研究了浸取还原过程中阴极液pH、离子强度、固液比等因素对MFC的产电性能与LiCoO_2浸取效果的影响.实验结果表明:MFC阴极还原LiCoO_2使得固相中Co(III)被还原为液相中Co(II)是可行的,MFC能够持续地输出电压,且MFC优于弱酸浸取效果.阴极液pH值越低,MFC的产电性能和LiCoO_2的浸取效果越明显,阴极液pH为1.0时,MFC的最大输出电压为600 m V,60 h时浸取率达到86.5%;随着阴极液中KCl浓度和固液比(S/L)的增加,MFC输出电压和浸取效率也越高;对影响MFC的影响因素分析讨论得出,阴极液pH值是LiCoO_2还原过程中重要影响因素,因此,在后续的实验设计中要重点考虑pH的影响.