菌糠强化微生物降解石油污染土壤修复研究

采用菌糠协同高效石油烃降解菌Microbacterium.sp.Q2进行石油污染土壤修复试验研究,分别设置菌糠固定化微生物组（SIM）、菌糠-游离菌组（SMSB）、菌糠单独组（SMS）和对照组（CK）4组修复实验.考察不同处理方式下对石油污染土壤微生物数量、酶活性和石油烃降解效果的差异性并确定石油污染土壤的最佳修复方案.结果表明：不同修复方式下,SIM组的土壤呼吸强度、微生物数量及酶活性较其他组有明显提高,其对石油烃去除率分别比其他3组提高11.84%、22.15%、54.09%.土壤中脱氢酶活性以及微生物活性与石油烃降解率的相关性显著,此外菌糠固定化微生物对石油污染土壤修复具有生物强化和生物刺激协同的作用机制.     

微生物燃料电池浸取废旧锂电池的影响因素分析

将MFC的阴极还原能力应用于废旧锂电池正极材料LiCoO_2的还原浸取.构建了以弱酸中LiCoO_2作为化学阴极电子受体的双室MFC,探讨了MFC阴极浸取还原LiCoO_2的可行性,并研究了浸取还原过程中阴极液pH、离子强度、固液比等因素对MFC的产电性能与LiCoO_2浸取效果的影响.实验结果表明:MFC阴极还原LiCoO_2使得固相中Co(III)被还原为液相中Co(II)是可行的,MFC能够持续地输出电压,且MFC优于弱酸浸取效果.阴极液pH值越低,MFC的产电性能和LiCoO_2的浸取效果越明显,阴极液pH为1.0时,MFC的最大输出电压为600 m V,60 h时浸取率达到86.5%;随着阴极液中KCl浓度和固液比(S/L)的增加,MFC输出电压和浸取效率也越高;对影响MFC的影响因素分析讨论得出,阴极液pH值是LiCoO_2还原过程中重要影响因素,因此,在后续的实验设计中要重点考虑pH的影响.     

Effects of Patch Size and Type of Coffee Matrix on Ithomiine Butterfly Diversity and Dispersal in Cloud-Forest Fragments

Abstract: Determining the permeability of different types of landscape matrices to animal movement is essential for conserving populations in fragmented landscapes. We evaluated the effects of habitat patch size and matrix type on diversity, isolation, and dispersal of ithomiine butterflies in forest fragments surrounded by coffee agroecosystems in the Colombian Andes. Because ithomiines prefer a shaded understory, we expected the highest diversity and abundance in large fragments surrounded by shade coffee and the lowest in small fragments surrounded by sun coffee. We also thought shade coffee would favor butterfly dispersal and immigration into forest patches. We marked 9675 butterflies of 39 species in 12 forest patches over a year. Microclimate conditions were more similar to the forest interior in the shade‐coffee matrix than in the sun‐coffee matrix, but patch size and matrix type did not affect species richness and abundance in forest fragments. Furthermore, age structure and temporal recruitment patterns of the butterfly community were similar in all fragments, independent of patch size or matrix type. There were no differences in the numbers of butterflies flying in the matrices at two distances from the forest patch, but their behavior differed. Flight in the sun‐coffee matrix was rapid and directional, whereas butterflies in shade‐coffee matrix flew slowly. Seven out of 130 recaptured butterflies immigrated into patches in the shade‐coffee matrix, and one immigrated into a patch surrounded by sun coffee. Although the shade‐coffee matrix facilitated movement in the landscape, sun‐coffee matrix was not impermeable to butterflies. Ithomiines exhibited behavioral plasticity in habitat use and high mobility. These traits favor their persistence in heterogeneous landscapes, opening opportunities for their conservation. Understanding the dynamics and resource requirements of different organisms in rural landscapes is critical for identifying management options that address both animals’ and farmers’ needs.     

Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in roasted coffee

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are suspected to be carcinogenic and mutagenic. This study describes the presence of PAHs in light, medium and dark roasted coffee including instant and decaffeinated brands. Total PAHs concentration was related to the degree of roasting with light roasted coffee showing the least and dark roasted coffee showing the highest level. Both instant and decaffeinated coffee brand showed lower levels of PAHs. Naphthalene, acenaphthylene, pyrene and chrysene were the most abundant individual isomers. The concentrations ranged from 0 to 561 ng g^?1 for naphthalene, 0 to 512 ng g^?1 for acenaphthylene, 60 to 459 ng g^?1 for pyrene and 56 to 371 ng g^?1 for chrysene. Thus, roasting conditions should be controlled to avoid the formation of PAHs due to their suspected carcinogenic and mutagenic properties.     

Effects of spent engine oil on the growth parameters, chlorophyll and protein levels of Amaranthus hybridus L.

The susceptibility of Amaranthus hybridus L. seedlings to spent engine oil was investigated in soil supplemented with concentrations of oil ranging from 1–5 percent v/w. Parameters considered were relative growth rate (RGR), leaf area ratio (LAR), whole plant height, leaf area, leaf number, chlorophyll and protein levels. A relationship was found to exist between the inhibitory effects and the treatment concentrations. After seventy days growth in the treated soils, the mean height and leaf area of plants in soils treated with 5 percent spent engine oil were 27.0±1.25 cm and 5.63±0.36 cm². These were significantly different (at p=0.05) from the respective values of 41.4±0.8 cm and 13.44±0.22 cm² for the control plants. Levels of total chlorophyll (per gram fresh weight of leaves) and protein (per gram dry weight of whole plant) were higher in the control plants compared with those grown in oil treated soil. Results obtained from the growth analysis showed the inhibitory effects of spent engine oil on Amaranthus hybridus L.     

铝电解槽废旧阴极炭块的处理

实验研究了铝电解工业的废渣——废旧阴极炭块的浮选处理。考查了浮选条件,以及不同捕收剂的浮选结果。     

Agricultural intensification within agroforestry: The case of coffee and wood products

Compared to the environmental and conservation value as refuges for biodiversity, less is known about the social and economic value of shaded coffee systems. The agroforestry system can serve as a source of non-coffee products for diverse purposes. This study focuses on the role of shade trees in smallholder coffee farms, examining the wood products derived from the shaded coffee system. Data presented from surveys with 185 growers in Peru and 153 growers in Guatemala show that the consumption and sale of all non-coffee products account for a fifth to a third of the total value realized from the agroforestry system. Fuelwood and construction materials account for much of this value. Differences seen between countries can be traced to agricultural intensification – the degree to which the coffee agroforestry system is “technified” (i.e., managed with a reduced shade tree cover and diversity, high-yielding cultivars, agrochemical inputs, etc.) – as well as the relative demand for wood resources and farmers’ access to natural forest systems.     

Assessing Habitat Quality for a Migratory Songbird Wintering in Natural and Agricultural Habitats

Abstract:  As tropical forests are cleared, a greater proportion of migratory songbirds are forced to winter in agricultural and disturbed habitats, which, if poorer in quality than natural forests, could contribute to population declines. We compared demographic indicators of habitat quality for a focal species, the American Redstart ( Setophaga ruticilla ), wintering in Jamaican citrus orchards and shade coffee plantations with those in four natural habitats: mangrove, coastal scrub, coastal palm, and dry limestone forests. Demographic measures of habitat quality included density, age and sex ratio, apparent survival, and changes in body mass. Measures of habitat quality for redstarts in citrus and coffee habitats were generally intermediate between the highest (mangrove) and lowest (dry limestone) measurements from natural habitats. The decline in mean body mass over the winter period was a strong predictor of annual survival rate among habitats, and we suggest that measures of body condition coupled with survival data provide the best measures of habitat quality for nonbreeding songbirds. Density, which is far easier to estimate, was correlated with these more labor-intensive measures, particularly in the late winter when food is likely most limiting. Thus, local density may be useful as an approximation of habitat quality for wintering migrant warblers. Our findings bolster those of previous studies based on bird abundance that suggest arboreal agricultural habitats in the tropics can be useful for the conservation of generalist, insectivorous birds, including many migratory passerines such as redstarts.     

放射性废物管理的国际法制度——《乏燃料管理安全和放射性废物管理安全联合公约》的视角

放射性废物管理是当今世界面临的一个重要问题.本文试图从国际法的角度,联系可持续发展理论,对迄今为止有关放射性废物管理方面最重要的全球性公约--<乏燃料管理安全和放射性废物管理安全联合公约>进行介绍和分析,并在此基础上就完善国际放射性废物管理法律制度提出建议.