超高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定污水处理厂水样中的雌激素

采用HLB固相萃取、超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)法,在多反应监测(MRM)模式下建立污水处理厂进、出水口水样中7种雌激素(戊酸雌二醇、炔雌醇、雌三醇、雌二醇、己烷雌酚、雌酮和己烯雌酚)的快速筛查测定方法,优化了固相萃取条件(萃取柱、洗脱液、pH值以及淋洗液)和UPLC-MS/MS分析条件(流动相及梯度、毛细管电压、锥孔电压、射频透镜电压、碰撞能量、离子源温度、脱溶剂气流量和锥孔气流量)。当7种雌激素质量浓度在1～100μg.L-1线性范围内时,所得回归方程的决定系数r2均大于0.997 2,方法检测限为4.40～10.27 ng.L-1,在20～100 ng.L-1雌激素添加水平范围内,进、出水口水样中目标物平均回收率分别为70.3%～95.1%和72.6%～96.7%,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别小于10.4%和9.5%。将该方法应用于南京地区4个综合污水处理厂进、出水口水样中雌激素的测定,4个污水处理厂进水中均含有高达几十、甚至上百ng.L-1的戊酸雌二醇、雌三醇和雌酮,出水中也含有几到几十ng.L-1的某几种雌激素。     

燃油和燃煤电厂排放可吸入颗粒物的物理化学特性

分别对燃烧重油与烟煤两个电厂排放可吸入颗粒物的显微结构、颗粒类型及重金属在可吸入颗粒物中分布特征进行研究.研究表明,燃煤电厂排放可吸入颗粒物的形态都以球形颗粒为主,而燃油电厂排放可吸入颗粒物由一些絮状物和类似于燃煤飞灰中球形颗粒组成.根据可吸入颗粒物的化学组成,发现燃油电厂排放可吸入颗粒物的颗粒类型有硅铝质和钙-硅铝质...     

污水处理厂出水有机磷污染特征及强化去除

针对污水处理厂(wastewater treatment plant,WWTP)有机磷(organic phosphorus,OP)污染现状,采用多种方法表征出水OP污染特性,并开展强化去除研究.结果表明,TP、PO_4~(3-)-P、聚磷酸盐(Poly-P)和OP的出水平均浓度分别为:0. 62、0. 22、0. 03和0. 37 mg·L~(-1),OP占比达59. 7%.工艺全流程分析结果表明,PO_4~(3-)-P、Poly-P和OP在进、出水中的占比依次是54. 4%、6. 3%、39. 3%和16. 9%、14. 5%、68. 6%. OP和溶解性有机碳(dissolved organic carbon,DOC)存在正相关性,相关系数为0. 65;亲水性和疏水性OP的平均浓度分别是0. 12 mg·L~(-1)和0. 31 mg·L~(-1),疏水性OP的C/P比亲水性低,说明疏水性OP生物利用度(bioavailability,BA)更高,结果表明OP的BA约为20. 0%,OP以难生物利用组分为主.强化去除研究表明活性焦最佳投加量为20 g·L~(-1),去除率为32. 6%; O_3最佳投加量为30 mg·L~(-1),去除率高达79. 1%,高级氧化技术较物理吸附更适合作为深度处理方式.     

Recovery of coagulant from water supply plant sludge and its effect on clarification

Spent coagulant in water supply plant sludge was extracted with H₂SO₄ and the efficiency of the reused coagulant was studied. The optimum pH values for coagulant extraction and clarification with the reused coagulant were 3.0–4.0 and about 6, respectively. In treating raw influent obtained from a sewage treatment plant and wastewater from a coastal landfill site, the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen, and total phosphorous with the recovered coagulant was higher than that with commercial aluminum sulfate or polyaluminum chloride. In addition, the sludge settling properties, the extra sludge mass formation, the supernatant quality, and the cost of reagents were also studied. The coagulant recovered from water supply plant sludge by H₂SO₄ extraction could be successfully reused for the clarification of domestic and food industry wastewaters.     

Comparison of PCDD/PCDF levels in soil, grass, cow''s milk, human blood and spruce needles in an area of PCDD/PCDF contamination through emissions from a metal reclamation plant

When in the vicinity of a metal reclamation plant in Tyrol, Austria, increased PCDD/PCDF levels were found in soil and spruce needles, the extent of grass contamination as well as the PCDD/PCDF content in milk of cows fed with hay from this area was determined. The milk samples showed a significant increase in PCDD/PCDF levels compared to control samples. In a blood sample of a farmer a significant increase in PCDD/PCDF levels was found. Correlations in PCDD/PCDF levels between soil, spruce needles, grass, cow's milk and human blood will be presented.     

Trends in the formation of biotopic complexes of bumblebees (Hymenoptera, Apidae: Bombini) in northern taiga karst landscapes of the Western Russian Plain

Main trends in the formation of biotopic complexes of bumblebees in the northern taiga zone are analyzed. It is proposed that Eurasian forest species of bumblebees (Bombus (Th.) schrencki, B. (Mg.) consobrinus, etc.) are coadaptively connected with entomophilous plant species belonging to the synusia of Eurosiberian riverine-mountain meadow tall herbage, with the numbers of species in both biotic groups (pollinating insects and plants) and their abundance being greater in the landscape characterized by a high degree of karstification. In the biotopic bumblebee complex of a large river valley, the relative abundance of forest bumblebee species is 2.5–5.3 times lower than in other complexes, whereas that of meadow species is two orders of magnitude higher due to favorable thermal conditions and a large number of habitats with mesophilic herbage and legumes. Each of the distinct ecogeographic groups of bumblebees and the corresponding synusiae (each comprising entomophilous plants of different taxonomic groups) appear to be coadapted. This is probably a result of the diffuse coevolution of pollinators and plants belonging to the genetically unified biota.     

Phytocenotypes and Ecocenotic Potentials of Meadow Grasses

The systems of Ramenskii's cenobiotic types and Grime's life strategies applied to meadow grasses are compared, and differences between these systems are demonstrated. The parameters of violence of meadow grasses in the aboveground and underground spheres are discussed. The methods for evaluating the degrees of shade tolerance in grasses and their tolerance to sodding are proposed. Two types of explerence are distinguished in meadow grasses (cenophobic and cenofluctuation explerence).     

Site examination for threatened and endangered plant species

A procedure is described for conducting floristic examinations of prospective sites of development in order to determine the presence of threatened and/or endangered plant species. The timed meander search procedure provides information to document the level of effort expended in the examination as well as to describe the floristic resources of the site. Tests of the procedure during the 1979 and 1980 field seasons have demonstrated its value both as a means of discovering threatened and endangered species on a site and as a means of documenting a low probability of occurrence of such species if not found during application of the procedure.     

Challenges to Introducing and Managing Disturbance Regimes for Holocarpha macradenia, an Endangered Annual Grassland Forb

Abstract:  Introducing rare plants to new sites for conservation to offset effects of habitat destruction requires detailed knowledge of habitat requirements, plant demography, and management needs. We conducted a factorial experiment replicated at three coastal prairie sites to test the effects of clipping frequency and litter accumulation on seed germination, seedling survival, reproduction, and seedling recruitment of introduced populations of the endangered, tall-stature, annual forb, Holocarpha macradenia (DC.) E. Greene. Clipping favored H. macradenia , primarily by enhancing seed germination and flower production. Litter accumulation had no effect on seed germination, even after 5 years of treatments. Seedling recruitment was highly site specific with large numbers of recruits recorded at only one of three sites. Although recruitment of seedlings was higher in clipped plots for 2–3 years, by 4–5 years after introduction very few seedlings survived to reproduction in any treatment. We attribute this result to a combination of poor habitat quality, small population size, and lack of a seed bank. We were unsuccessful in introducing this relatively well-studied species of concern to apparently suitable habitat at multiple sites in multiple years, which suggests that translocating rare plant populations to mitigate for habitat destruction is an expensive and highly uncertain endeavor.