利用POCIS技术监测城市地表水中全氟化合物

采用一种针对水体中全氟化合物的改进的极性有机化合物整合采样技术(POCIS)进行了不同水流速度下污染物的吸附动力学,以及水流速度对全氟化合物在该采样器上采样速率的影响研究.结果表明,在不同水流速度下7种全氟化合物在放置时间10d内呈线性关系.POCIS对全氟化合物的采样速率随着水流速度(0.085~0.0018m/s)的降低而减小,但是对个别物质如全氟十一酸的采样速率无明显影响.将所建立的POCIS采样方法应用于南京市地表水中,并与常规的主动监测方法进行比较,发现利用POCIS采样技术推算出的污染物时间权重浓度和两次主动采样测定浓度基本一致.     

街道峡谷对称性对污染物扩散的影响

采用数值模拟的方法,研究了行列式和错列式街谷两侧建筑物的对称性对街谷内和下游建筑尾流区污染物浓度的影响,并引入3个用于评价室内空气环境的指标来描述街谷中人员区域内的空气质量.结果表明,平均残留时间(ART)和有效通风率(PFR)可用于评价不对称街谷内的空气质量.街谷的不对称性对街谷内部和下游建筑尾流区污染物浓度分布均有明显影响.下游建筑越低,则尾流区的浓度越高.行列式和错列式街谷中人员活动空间的无量纲平均浓度分别在建筑高度比例为7/3和7/2时最大.为在城市规划中尽可能避免出现最不利比例的街谷,根据平均残留时间和有效通风率等指标,给出了上下游建筑高度比与最不利街谷改善率的关系.     

基于物质流分析的中国减物质化趋势及循环经济成效评价

物质流分析通过测量经济活动物质投入的数量、强度及其变化即物质化或减物质化趋势,能够反映可耗竭自然资源损耗和环境退化的总体情况,也是评价循环经济发展成效尤其是资源综合利用对物质消耗影响的一个有效工具。论文运用统计学和计量经济学方法,分析了中国2000-2013年直接物质投入及其与特定经济特征的关系,确定了资源利用强度变化趋势,评价了中国循环经济实践尤其是资源综合利用的成效。发现2000-2013年中国直接物质投入总量持续增加、单位GDP直接物质投入先上升后下降,说明中国已进入了相对的减物质化阶段;第二产业比重先增加后下降的变化趋势是直接物质投入强度变化的格兰杰原因;中国的资源综合利用总量增加但综合利用率仍很低,未对直接物质投入强度产生统计学意义上的显著影响;未来中国直接物质投入总量和人均值在很长时间内还将继续增加。     

基于总物流分析的我国钢铁工业生态效率分析

近年来我国钢铁产量快速增长且钢铁工业规模庞大,因此有必要对我国钢铁工业的生态效率进行研究. 采用总物流分析方法对我国钢铁系统的总物流进行分析,得到了钢铁系统的总物流分析指标;对1995—2011年我国钢铁工业的生态效率(包括资源效率、能源效率、脱钩指数等)进行了分析. 结果表明:2004年资源效率(粗钢产量与铁矿原矿消耗的比值)和资源经济效率(钢铁工业增加值与铁矿原矿消耗的比值)均达到最大值,二者分别为0.54 t/t和827.66元/t;2011年能源效率(粗钢产量与钢铁工业能耗的比值)和能源经济效率(钢铁工业增加值与钢铁工业能耗的比值)均达到最大值,分别为1.53 t/t和2 976.65元/t. 基于我国钢铁系统的总物流分析结果进行了脱钩指标分析,结果显示,D_DEU(国内开采量的脱钩指数)为0.189,大于DMI(直接物质投入量)、TMR(总物质需求)及DPO(国内排放量)的脱钩指数(分别为0.115、0.084和0.061),即国内开采量的脱钩情况在该阶段达到最佳,这与我国铁矿石产量不足、钢铁生产更多依赖于进口资源密切相关. 最后提出了提高矿产资源综合利用率和重视废钢资源回收利用等相应的对策建议.      

偃师市浅层地下水流动系统水化学特征

在水文地质调查和样品分析的基础上,应用水化学统计、离子相关性分析等方法对偃师市浅层地下水流动系统特征和水化学特征进行分析.研究表明:偃师市地下水化学特征具有明显的水平分带性,在沿着补给—径流—排泄的方向上,地下水化学类型由SO4·Cl-Na型水向HCO3-Ca·Mg、HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg型水演化.总体上研究区地下水中TDS不高,均值为515.29 mg/L,与Mg2+、Ca2+、SO42-、Cl-质量浓度的分布规律具有明显的正相关性,主要表现为平原地区浓度高于南北两侧的丘陵山地.图3,表1,参15.     

Thermodynamic investigation and hydrate inhibition of real gas flow through orifice during depressurization

A thermodynamic procedure has been proposed which can be used to predict the gas pressure, temperature and flow rate through orifice upon chock flow condition, using equation of state (EOS). The procedure applied for emergency depressurization operation incorporating the Peng-Robinson EOS and validated by comparing flow rates of a multi-component hydrocarbon gas mixture for thirteen experimental cases. The average absolute deviations of the predicted flow rates for orifice discharge coefficients of 0.85 and 0.9, are 7.36% and 2.03%, respectively. The corresponding error for API 520 (American Petroleum Institute Recommendation Practice 520) method is 6.91%. In this work, the hydrate formation temperature and hydrate inhibitor type and its required weight fraction for preventing the hydrate formation upon orifice and its upstream conditions are evaluated by the EZ-Thermo software using the Moshfeghian–Maddox method. The results qualitatively show that the hydrate prevention is essential for the safety of the operation due to low temperature condition.     

西太湖秋季蓝藻水华过后细胞裂解对溶解性有机碳影响

从2009年7月~2010年3月每月采集西太湖表层水样,分析叶绿素含量﹑蓝藻细胞裂解速率﹑磷酸盐浓度的变化,并通过切向流超滤系统分离得到的高分子量(1kDa~0.5μm)溶解性有机物的碳氮比值和高分子量溶解性有机碳浓度的变化.结果表明,西太湖蓝藻细胞裂解速率在11月达到最大值(0.43d-1),而磷酸盐和高分子量溶解性有机碳浓度分别在12月与9月达到最大值.细胞裂解速率与磷酸盐﹑高分子量溶解性有机碳浓度之间没有相关性,说明水华过后影响磷酸盐浓度﹑高分子量溶解性有机碳的因素很多,蓝藻细胞裂解只是其中重要因素之一.藻类水华的出现可能导致水体中其它磷形态(如有机磷)与磷酸盐之间的迁移转化,而大型浅水湖泊扰动导致的沉积物再悬浮和水华过后频繁的细菌活动都可能是影响高分子量溶解性有机碳的因素.秋季水华过后蓝藻细胞裂解释放的有机碳进入微食物网循环,引起细菌活动频繁,而溶解性有机物中含碳化合物比含氮化合物容易降解,所以碳氮比值逐渐减少.此外细菌通过硝酸盐合成溶解性有机氮也可能是碳氮比值减少的一个重要原因.     

Effects of alfalfa coverage on runoff, erosion and hydraulic characteristics of overland flow on loess slope plots

An evaluation of the interactions between vegetation, overland and soil erosion can provide valuable insight for the conservation of soil and water. An experiment was conducted to study water infiltration, runoff generation process, rate of sediment erosion, and hydrodynamic characteristics of overland flow from a sloping hillside with different draw-off discharges from alfalfa and control plots with 20° slope. The effect of alfalfa on runoff and sediment transport reduction was quantitatively analyzed. Alfalfa was discussed for its ability to reduce the overland flow scouring force or change the runoff movement. Compared to the bare-soil plots, alfalfa plots generated a 1.77 times increase in infiltration rate. Furthermore, the down-slope water infiltration rate for the bare soil plots was higher than in the up-slope, while the opposite was found in the alfalfa plots. In addition, alfalfa had a significant effect on runoff and sediment yield. In comparison to the control, the runoff coefficient and sediment transportation rate decreased by 28.3% and 78.4% in the grass slope, respectively. The runoff generated from the alfalfa and bare-soil plots had similar trends with an initial increase and subsequent leveling to a steady-state rate. The transport of sediment reduced with time as a consequence of the depletion of loose surface materials. The maximum sediment concentration was recorded within the first few minutes of each event. The alfalfa plots had subcritical flow while the bare-soil plots had supercritical flow, which indicate that the capability of the alfalfa slope for resisting soil erosion and sediment movement was greater than for bare soil plots. Moreover, the flow resistance coefficient and roughness coefficient for the alfalfa plots were both higher than for the bare-soil plots, which indicate that overland flow in alfalfa plots had retarded and was blocked, and the flow energy along the runoff path had gradually dissipated. Finally, the ability to erode and transport sediment had decreased.     

烟气脱硫系统的吸收塔及停留时间

介绍了烟气脱硫系统中三种主要的吸收塔类型,及烟气在吸收塔中停留时间和喷淋吸收区高度的计算方法。简述了液气比与气速、烟气中SO2含量的关系,并列举了喷淋塔、动力波塔和平流塔等工程实例。     

Pesticide-induced alterations of hemopoietic functions in Anabas testudineus inhabiting wetlands in agricultural landscape

The unrestricted use of agrochemicals in crop fields lowers the overall prospects of survival and yield of wetland fish species like Anabas testudineus. In the present study, the impact of different doses of SUMIDON-40, an organophosphate (OP) pesticide on the hematopoiesis of Anabas testudineus has been examined. The small lymphoid hemoblast and consequently the polychromatophilic erythroblasts decreased significantly at both sublethal and LC₅₀ dose-treated fish. The percentage of mature erythrocyte also fell significantly in the pesticide-treated groups. The erythropoietic efficiency was increased in fish exposed to sublethal dose but fell in fish exposed to LC50 dose. Among leucocytes, the percentage of neutrophils rose in Anabas testudineus in both treatment groups and percentage of macrophage decreased significantly only in LC₅₀ dose-treated group. The percentage of lymphocyte increased significantly in sublethal dose-treated groups. The overall leukopoietic efficiency, however, was elevated significantly in both treatment groups. These facts clearly indicated that pesticides affected the overall process of hematopoiesis in this fish species. Flow cytometric analysis of cell cycle in pronephric kidney cells confirmed changes in percentage of cell death and DNA synthesis following pesticide exposure. Data indicate that habitat deterioration from agrochemicals impedes the hematopoiesis in this species resulting in reduced tolerance in their usually hypoxic habitat environment.