泥石流灾情评估指标体系

泥石流灾情评估指标体系的建立应满足适用性、完备性、可比性、综合性和系统性原则,而指标的选取还应在一定的要求下确定。依据上述原则,在泥石流灾情网络分析结果的基础上,建立了评估指标体系的结构层次模型,进而对各类灾情评估指标进行了分析,确定出评估泥石流灾情的具体指标和因子。最后建立了以成灾度为目标层,经济损失,社会影响,环境损害为准则层。评估指标和评估因子为指标层的泥石流灾情评估指标体系。     

Channel flow and trichloroethylene treatment in a partly iron-filled fracture: experimental and model results

Technical developments have now made it possible to emplace granular zero-valent iron (Fe(0)) in fractured media to create a Fe(0) fracture reactive barrier (Fe(0) FRB) for the treatment of contaminated groundwater. To evaluate this concept, we conducted a laboratory experiment in which trichloroethylene (TCE) contaminated water was flushed through a single uniform fracture created between two sandstone blocks. This fracture was partly filled with what was intended to be a uniform thickness of iron. Partial treatment of TCE by iron demonstrated that the concept of a Fe(0) FRB is practical, but was less than anticipated for an iron layer of uniform thickness. When the experiment was disassembled, evidence of discrete channelised flow was noted and attributed to imperfect placement of the iron. To evaluate the effect of the channel flow, an explicit Channel Model was developed that simplifies this complex flow regime into a conceptualised set of uniform and parallel channels. The mathematical representation of this conceptualisation directly accounts for (i) flow channels and immobile fluid arising from the non-uniform iron placement, (ii) mass transfer from the open fracture to iron and immobile fluid regions, and (iii) degradation in the iron regions. A favourable comparison between laboratory data and the results from the developed mathematical model suggests that the model is capable of representing TCE degradation in fractures with non-uniform iron placement. In order to apply this Channel Model concept to a Fe(0) FRB system, a simplified, or implicit, Lumped Channel Model was developed where the physical and chemical processes in the iron layer and immobile fluid regions are captured by a first-order lumped rate parameter. The performance of this Lumped Channel Model was compared to laboratory data, and benchmarked against the Channel Model. The advantages of the Lumped Channel Model are that the degradation of TCE in the system is represented by a first-order parameter that can be used directly in readily available numerical simulators.     

Monitoring morphological and vegetation changes and flow events in dryland river channels

Monitoring of impacts of floods in river valleys of dryland regions has become important with the onset and threats of desertification and is likely to become even more vital with predictions of increased effects of climate and land use change. It is also needed in order to conform to requirements of the EU Water Framework Directive. Monitoring in such regions sets particular challenges. This paper explains a system of low-cost monitoring of changes in morphology, vegetation and sediment cover in channels and valley floors of ephemerally flowing streams. It has been applied in SE Spain for 10 years and has proved very effective. In particular, the use of simple crest-stage recorders for measuring flow height and the use of real-time differential GPS for rapid and accurate survey and for relocating points have proved very valuable. Part of the monitoring is focused on the interaction of plants and channel processes. Small changes in and around vegetation associated with flow events have been detected by a combination of quadrat surveys and cross-profiling of the channel. A range of flow events has been measured over the period of monitoring, demonstrating their differing effects and the varying sensitivity and responsiveness of different sites. The sporadic occurrence of flood events in such an environment means that a strategy of monitoring several sites and of continuation over many years has great benefits.     

3种类型人工湿地处理富营养化水体中试比较研究

针对五里湖富营养化水体,在同等条件下开展了3种类型人工湿地处理效果的比较研究,试验采用现场中试规模,水力负荷为0.8 m³/(m²·d).结果表明,垂直流、潜流和表面流3种人工湿地对氨氮的平均去除率分别为33.2%、27.4%和14.1%;对总氮的平均去除率分别为52.3%、50.1%和19.2%;对总磷的平均去除率分别为58.8%、57.9%和26.3%;对锰酸盐指数的平均去除率分别为37.2%、38.3%和14.8%;对叶绿素a的平均去除率分别为86.9%、96.1%和55.3%.可见,垂直流人工湿地对氨氮、总氮和总磷的去除效果最好,潜流人工湿地对高锰酸盐指数和叶绿素a的去除效果最好,但垂直流和潜流人工湿地之间的差异较小,表面流人工湿地对各污染物的去除效果均远低于前两者.从出水水质稳定性来看,垂直流人工湿地出水水质最稳定,潜流次之,表面流最差.     

速度场常数及其自动检测装置

通过对烟道“速度场常数”的研究,提出利用速度场常数监测烟道烟气平均流速的方法,同时研制出速度场常数自动检测装置。解决烟道烟气平均流速自动监测的技术难题。     

新型侧向流曝气生物滤池处理生活污水

采用以沸石为填料的新型侧向流曝气生物滤池处理生活污水,考察了水力负荷和气水比的影响.结果表明,LBAF在最佳工况气水比10∶1,A、B段曝气量比1∶1,水力负荷0.43 m3/m2·h下,COD、SS、氨氮、总氮和总磷的去除率分别为88.01%、95.18%、78.97%、52.58%和21.02%;COD去除率随COD容积负荷的增加缓慢下降.氨氮、总氮去除率随COD容积负荷的增大明显下降,氨氮去除率随氨氮容积负荷的增大而明显降低.滤池纳污能力强,不易堵塞,可适当延长反冲周期.     

基于MFA的青岛市城阳区物质代谢研究

基于欧盟的物质流分析(MFA)框架,对青岛市城阳区的物质代谢状态和代谢强度进行了系统分析.结果表明:1995─2004年城阳区资源投入量和污染物排放量分别增长3.6和1.8倍,化石燃料和矿物约占资源投入量的50.26%～76.30%,进口资源量所占比例呈逐年增长趋势,经济发展的资源外部依赖性较强.万元GDP资源投入由6.01 t降至3.56 t,万元GDP污染物排放量也降低了63.74%,表明城阳区经济发展的资源利用效率和生态效率已有不同程度的提高,但仍远高于发达国家20世纪末期的水平,因此提高资源生产力和控制污染物排放是实现城阳区可持续发展的必由之路.      

人工湿地中植物生长特性及其对TN和TP的吸收

构建了潜流水平芦苇湿地处理富营养化污水,在近2年的研究中考察了芦苇的生长规律、 芦苇不同器官对TN和TP的吸收及季节变化,评价了植物吸收对湿地TN和TP的去除作用.结果表明,2个生长年内芦苇的生长规律不同,受第1年芦苇移植的影响,芦苇生长周期滞后,导致植物立枯生物量与活体生物量比例在2年中相同月差异很大.第2年芦苇地上生物量是第1年的3.9倍.芦苇组织中TN和TP含量遵循新鲜叶>成年根>新鲜茎的规律.新鲜植物组织中TN和TP含量变化相对不大,当植物枯萎时地上组织TN和TP含量明显下降.根中TN和TP含量在全年中基本维持稳定.植物净吸收随植物生长情况而改变,按全年衡算,当湿地进水TN和TP负荷分别为61.39和7.39 g/(m2·a)时,植物地上生物量吸收TN和TP分别占湿地TN和TP总去除量的46.0%和26.8%,植物吸收仍起到重要作用.      

添加碳源对潜流+表面流组合湿地脱氮除磷的影响

采用向ANOXIC-OXIC（A/O）工艺出水中添加城市污水的方法,在中试规模上研究了外加碳源对潜流+表面流组合湿地脱氮除磷的影响.结果表明,直接处理A/O工艺出水时（工况Ⅰ）,湿地进水COD/TN仅为1.00,(NO^-₂+NO^-₃)/TN为0.48,COD、TN和TP的面积负荷去除率分别为1.82、1.59、0.14 g·(m²·d)^-1.A/O工艺出水中添加少量城市污水后（工况Ⅱ）,湿地进水COD/TN为3.55,(NO^-₂+NO^-₃)/TN为0.44,COD、TN和TP的面积负荷去除率分别为19.03、5.42、0.29 g·(m²·d)^-1.工况Ⅱ的TN和TP面积负荷去除率分别比工况Ⅰ提高了3.4倍和2.1倍.HRT、水温、(NO^-₂+NO^-₃)/TN和COD/TN对湿地脱氮除磷效能有显著影响,在HRT为0.5～1.0d, COD、TN和TP的面积负荷率分别为3.8～38.7、5.07～13.08、0.57～1.92 g·(m²·d)^-1时, TN面积负荷去除率随HRT增加而指数下降,随水温和(NO^-₂+NO^-₃)/TN的升高而线性增加,随COD/TN的增加呈幂函数增加.TP面积负荷去除率随COD/TN的增加呈幂函数增加.     

Computation of particles’ ascent from a cavity behind passing shock wave

We study numerically the dynamics of particles of dispersed phase in a turbulent gas flow in planar shock waves (SWs) sliding along a solid surface with a depression of trapezoid shape. The ascent of particles from the cavity walls has been computed in the approximation of a rarefied gas–particle mixture. A considerable influence of the passing SW strength and the initial location of particles on the characteristics of particles’ ascent, the non-monotonicity of the dependence of the particle-ascent height on the initial longitudinal coordinate, and the SW Mach number, and a possibility of the formation of particles’ accumulation and removal zones on the depression bottom are shown.