两级混合稳定表流湿地处理生活污水

为了提高一级稳定表流湿地(stable surface flow wetland,SSFW)的出水水质,在单级稳定表流湿地后串联一级潜流人工湿地,构成两级混合稳定表流湿地(two steps hybrid stable surface flow wetland,TSHSSFW),研究气候变化对其净化效果的影响,并同一级潜流人工湿地(one step subsurface flow wetland,OSSFW)进行对比。研究表明,气候变化对TSHSSFW的COD和总磷去除率影响较小,去除率均在80%左右;而对氨氮和总氮的去除率影响比较大,夏季TSHSSFW的氨氮和总氮去除率分别为87.77%和77.74%,而冬季氨氮和总氮的去除率分别为54.07%和48.84%。相比单级潜流人工湿地(OSSFW),有SSFW作为前处理的潜流人工湿地对氨氮和总氮的去除率较高。     

2种人工湿地的水力停留时间及净化效果

以复合垂直流人工湿地(IVCW)和水平潜流人工湿地(HSCW)为研究对象,研究了2种湿地运行的季节性最佳水力停留时间(HRT)参数,并监测了2种湿地在最佳HRT参数下运行时对污水的净化效果。结果显示:(1)在IVCW中,最佳HRT在春、秋季为8～10 h;夏季为6 h;冬季为12 h。在HSCW中,最佳HRT在春、秋季为10～12 h;夏季为6～8h;冬季为24～36 h。(2)2种湿地对COD的去除率均无显著的季节性差异;湿地进水中NH4+-N/TN比值与TN去除率显著负相关;不同季节下IVCW对TN的去除效果均高于HSCW。(3)水温对TN、TP去除率的影响在IVCW中比HSCW中的明显;水温高时,2种湿地中的TN去除率较高,IVCW中的TP去除率也较高,但HSCW中的TP去除率则较低,它们间均未达到显著的相关性。     

k-C＊模型的人工湿地模拟研究

采用自由表面流人工湿地,对广东省中山市某小区对应段的河涌进行生态修复改造。基于k-C＊模型的计算结果表明,在对现有河涌的面积的利用下,TP和NH4＋-N的去除效果受到限制。采用多因素正交实验对模型的计算结果进行实验验证和分析,研究了4种植物、4种基质,分别在2、4、6和8 d水力停留时间（HRT）下对TP和NH4＋-N的去除效果,得到影响TP和NH4＋-N去除效果的因素主次顺序分别为基质→植物→HRT和基质→HRT→植物;各因素的最佳水平条件分别为：风车草、颗粒活性炭、4 d（HRT）。在最佳水平条件下进行实验,结果表明,TP和NH4＋-N的浓度均可达到出水排放标准浓度指标。k-C＊模型的计算值总是比实验值偏高,但两者之间的误差在一个数量级范围内。     

A2O氧化沟缺氧区三维流场模拟及结构形式优化

以FLUENT软件为工具,选用三维RNG k-ε紊流数学模型对重庆井口污水厂A2O氧化沟缺氧区内的流场进行模拟,分析了缺氧区内流场分布不均匀及沉泥的原因,提出了水下推进器的合理设置位置与导流墙的合理设置方式,并对优化后的缺氧区进行了模拟计算。通过优化后模拟的结果可见,在相同的功率密度下,缺氧区内的流场得到了较均匀的分布,流速从原来的0.131 m/s提升到0.204 m/s,减少了能量的损失。底部的流速也从原来的0.140 m/s提升到0.226 m/s,有效的防止或减少了沟中的污泥沉积。优化的结果对实际工程的设计也有一定的指导意义。     

A/O生化池和BAF生物滤池的组合应用

较为全面地介绍了A/O生化池和BAF生物滤池两级生化合并的应用原理和效果,对两级生化的进出水水质进行了分析,并对系统运行中存在的问题进行了阐述。     

Incorporating Variable Source Area Hydrology into a Spatially Distributed Direct Runoff Model1

Buchanan, Brian, Zachary M. Easton, Rebecca Schneider, and M. Todd Walter, 2011. Incorporating Variable Source Area Hydrology Into a Spatially Distributed Direct Runoff Model. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(1): 43‐60. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00594.x Abstract: Few hydrologic models simulate both variable source area (VSA) hydrology, and runoff‐routing at high enough spatial resolutions to capture fine‐scale hydrologic pathways connecting VSA to the stream network. This paper describes a geographic information system‐based operational model that simulates the spatio‐temporal dynamics of VSA runoff generation and distributed runoff‐routing, including through complex artificial drainage networks. The model combines the Natural Resource Conservation Service’s Curve Number (CN) equation for estimating storm runoff with the topographic index concept for predicting the locations of VSA and a runoff‐routing algorithm into a new spatially distributed direct hydrograph (SDDH) model (SDDH‐VSA). Using a small agricultural watershed in central New York, SDDH‐VSA results were compared to those from a SDDH model using the traditional land use assumptions for the CN (SDDH‐CN). The SDDH‐VSA model generally agreed better with observed discharge than the SDDH‐CN model (average, Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.69 vs. 0.58, respectively) and resulted in more realistic spatial patterns of runoff‐generating areas. The SDDH approach did not correctly capture the timing of runoff from small storms in dry periods. Despite this type of limitation, SDDH‐VSA extends the applicability of the SDDH technique to VSA conditions, providing a basis for new tools to help identify critical management areas and assess water quality risks due to landscape alterations.     

基于多中心与区域共生的长三角地区协调发展研究

多中心城市经济族群式发展是区域发展的重要模式,也是未来区域经济发展的中心与财富积累与增长中心.在全球化与区域一体化驱动下,以城市为核心的多中心经济板块间的联系与关联性越来越明显.长三角作为中国区域经济发展的重要区域,城市经济多中心化与模块化成为其重要表现载体,如何实现多中心的互动、关联与协调发展成为长三角未来综合竞争力提升的重要内容,也是推动长三角持续发展的重要因子.多中心共生作为多中心间新的关联形式,有利于探索区域协调发展的新思路与新模式.利用城市经济能级、城市经济关联、城市流强度与城市外向功能指数等对长三角16个城市进行定.比较分析了长三角城市经济运行态势,并在诊断性分析的基础上,提出了长三角城市经济发展的多中心协同共生、创新发展与集群式发展、新型城市化道路等对策.     

新型汽封在超临界600MW机组的应用

介绍了一种新型汽封在国产600 MW机组节能改造中的应用。改造方案为将汽轮机组原通流部分及轴端的梳齿型汽封改为新型接触式密封齿＋蜂窝汽封＋铁素体齿的组合汽封,改造后漏汽量大幅减少,高、中、低压缸效率和机组运行的经济性明显提高,对同类型汽轮机通流部分节能改造具有较好的借鉴意义。     

Phosphorus flows and use efficiencies in production and consumption of wheat, rice, and maize in China

Increasing fertilizer phosphorus (P) application in agriculture has greatly contributed to the increase of crop yields during the last decades in China but it has also increased P flows in food production and consumption. The relationship between P use efficiency and P flow is not well quantified at national level. In present paper we report on P flows and P use efficiencies in rice, wheat, and maize production in China using the NUFER model. Conservation strategies for P utilization and the impact of these strategies on P use efficiency have been evaluated. Total amounts of P input to wheat, rice, and maize fields were 1095, 1240, and 1128 Gg, respectively, in China, approximately 80% of which was in chemical fertilizers. The accumulation of P annually in the fields of wheat, rice, and maize was 29.4, 13.6, and 21.3 kg ha⁻¹, respectively. Phosphorus recovered in the food products of wheat, rice, and maize accounted for only 12.5%, 13.5%, and 3.8% of the total P input, or 3.2%, 2.6%, and 0.9% of the applied fertilizer P, respectively. The present study shows that optimizing phosphorus flows and decreasing phosphorus losses in crop production and utilization through improved nutrient management must be considered as an important issue in the development of agriculture in China.     

电除尘器斜气流状态下粉尘沉降试验研究

针对电除尘器在实际运行过程中出现的除尘效率下降问题,提出斜气流这一新型技术,对均匀气流与斜气流分布状态进行可视化研究;在两种气流状态下进行粉尘沉降试验,对试验结果进行对比分析、总结相应规律;对我国电除尘器气流技术的发展提出了建议。