Modeling of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in a Copper Based Heat Sink Application

With the trend towards increasing the speed of processors in smaller sized of computers, there has been considerable interest in heat sink technologies with higher levels of performance and further miniaturization. This work addresses the fundamental heat transfer augmentation question of how to design a copper-based heat sink, when the overall dimensions of the bottom plate or fan are specified. A three-dimensional finite-volume model has been developed and applied to investigate flow and conjugate heat transfer in the copper-based heat sink. The model was produced with the commercial program FLUENT, which allows this nonlinear, highly turbulent problem to be simulated using the k-ε turbulence model. The theoretical model developed is validated by comparing the model predictions with available experimental data. The thermal performance and temperature distribution for the heat sink were analyzed and a procedure for optimizing the geometrical design parameters based on less space occupation and more efficient heat transfer coefficient is presented. Several design examples with different types of cooling methods and manufacturing processes have been analyzed. The reliability and effectiveness in heat spreading of those has been compared. It has been shown that the copper-based heat sink with louvered fins (case No.3) has an optimum design configuration.     

聚结除油反应机理及其动力学分析

通过对几种聚结填料除油性能的对比试验，探讨分析了聚结除油反应机理及其动力学。结果表明，填料的空间构成形式对聚结除油效率有重要影响，当润湿聚结机理和碰撞聚结机理同时存在时，聚结效率可得到大幅度提高。当油珠颗粒尺寸超过10μm时，布朗运动聚结速率急剧减慢，而湍流的聚结速率急剧加快。聚结除油反应器内水力条件的紊动程度达到C≥500—700s^-1时，油珠颗粒的聚结速率和效率将得到大幅度提高。     

REGIONAL APPLICATION OF AN APPROXIMATE STREAMFLOW PARTITIONING METHOD1

ABSTRACT: The approximate streamflow partitioning method which uses daily rainfall and streamfiow data was applied in Coastal Plain, Coastal Flatwoods, and Southern Piedmont physiographic regions for estimation of the surface and subsurface flow components of total streainflow. Sizes of the watersheds ranged from 9.6 km² to 1,030 km. Although the streamflow partitioning method was developed and tested on the Coastal Plain physiographic region, results indicate that the procedure can be applied to other physiographic regions where available data are limited to daily values. The effect of channelization on the partitioned flow components in the Coastal Plain and Coastal Flatwoods physiographic areas was also examined. While channelization was found to decrease the storm-time base, it had no significant effect on the relative percentages of the partitioned flow components.     

MANAGEMENT OF BASEFLOW AUGMENTATION: A REVIEW1

ABSTRACT: Baseflow augmentation refers to the temporary storage of subsurface water in floodplains, streambanks, and/or stream bottoms during the wet season, either by natural or artificial means, for later release during the dry season to increase the magnitude and permanence of low flows. Management strategies for baseflow augmentation fall into the following categories: (1) range management, (2) upland vegetation management, (3) riparian vegetation management, (4) upland runoff detention and retention, and (5) the use of instream structures. The benefits of a management strategy focused on baseflow augmentation are many, including: (1) increased summer flows, (2) healthier riparian areas, (3) increased channel and bank stability, (4) decreased erosion and sediment transport, (5) improved water quality, (6) enhanced fish and wildlife habitat, (7) lower stream temperatures, and (8) improved stream aesthetics. This review has shown that baseflow augmentation has been successfully accomplished in a few documented cases. Given its clear impact on soil and water conservation, particularly in the semiarid western U.S., it appears that baseflow augmentation is a concept whose time has come. Research is needed on how to successfully integrate baseflow augmentation within comprehensive resource management strategies.     

山东河川径流可持续利用探讨

本文通过对山东河川径流的深入分析研究 ,深刻剖析了它的特点极其时空分布规律 ,阐述其可持续开发利用应考虑的主要因素、开发措施及解决山东缺水问题的根本出路 ,以便科学合理地开发利用有限的水资源 ,解决山东的供水危机     

Fetal and maternal progenitor cells in co-culture respond equally to erythropoietin

To explore potentially selective growth conditions for fetal cells in cultures from the blood of pregnant women, we investigated if fetal and adult erythroid progenitors with different hemoglobin expression programs are differentially responsive to erythropoietin (EPO). Co-cultures of clonogenic cells from 12-week fetal and adult peripheral blood were established, and the development of erythropoietic cells was monitored using flow cytometric profiles of correlated cellular contents of fetal and adult hemoglobin (HbF and HbA, respectively). Adult nucleated red cells were classified as F+A−, F+A+ or F−A+. All fetal cells were F+A−. The population of F+A− cells was flow-sorted and fetal cells were identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using chromosome-specific probes. Delayed EPO addition revealed that all types of erythroid cells entered the EPO-dependent phase with similar kinetics, beginning at about Day 4. The data suggest that fetal and adult erythroid stem/progenitor cells have the same initial maturation kinetics in culture independent of their hemoglobin chain expression program. Fetal and adult cells with different hemoglobin profiles also showed similar EPO dose–response curves, determined for different intervals during the first 2 weeks of culture. Thus, the kinetics of entry into the phase of EPO dependence, as well as the sensitivity to EPO at various stages of development, are essentially the same for erythropoietic progenitor cells derived from adult and early fetal blood, which rules out the possibility of using the timing or concentration of EPO for the selective growth of fetal cells from the blood of pregnant women. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

四川雅安市干溪沟泥石流特征及综合治理研究

从干溪沟泥石流的基本条件出发,对该区泥石流的活动特征进行了分析,从预防、预警预报和治理三个方面着手对泥石流进行综合治理,详细讨论了防治措施、工程布置的依据以及排导槽、拦挡坝、停淤场等工程措施的结构设计,为该区泥石流的综合治理提出了科学的建议。