无机态氮素转化机制及水土体氮源识别方法

氮素在生物生命活动中起着至关重要的作用,是有机分子的基本组成元素,也是土壤的主要养分.对于氮污染的研究首先要明确各种氮形态转化机制,这是解决各种氮科学问题的基础,也是研究者容易忽略的重点.本文论述了氮素在生态系统中的转化过程及作用机制的基础,归纳总结了近年来国内外有关水土中氮源分析的研究方法及氮同位素分馏作用,重点综述了地表水及地下水体中氮源识别方法与应用,包括定性识别和模型识别方法.指出利用水化学方法与多种同位素方法相结合能够有效识别水土氮污染来源.针对传统亚硝化反应中氧原子来源识别中的问题,提出了反应过程的现代观点,解释了二次氧化反应过程中δ~(18)O-NO~-_3的富集原理.提出盆地含水层中原生铵态氮对地下水污染具有重要贡献,并给出了新的研究设想.     

基于氮稳定同位素分馏原理的活性污泥脱氮性能评价

基于氮稳定同位素分馏原理,运用瑞利分馏方程,论文构建了活性污泥脱氮性能评价模型,以分析城市污水的微生物脱氮效率与活性.实验通过对城市污水处理厂的长期监测,确定了模型的主要参数.为验证模型在不同出水无机氮组成情况下的适用性,本研究监测了反硝化限制作用、硝化限制作用、氨化限制作用3种情况下的脱氮效能.结果表明,这3种情况下的脱氮效能均可以通过测定活性污泥的δ15N值,利用该评价模型预测.为验证该模型在不同脱氮能力下的适应性,本研究设置了3种典型工况,测得的3种工况下活性污泥的δ15N值分别为13.97‰、8.33‰和4.47‰,利用评价模型得出的脱氮效率分别为96%、71%和22%,与实际脱氮效率吻合度高,污泥脱氮活性也呈现递减趋势.说明该模型对于具有不同脱氮能力的水处理系统均适用.该模型可避免复杂的布点监测等过程,仅通过污泥的δ15N值即可了解整个系统的脱氮能力及污泥脱氮活性,对污水处理厂的强化脱氮具有指导意义;为评价污水处理过程中氮的去除效果提供了更为便捷、准确的途径.     

我国大气降水中δ18O变化的多气象因子分析及分区研究

分析了我国29个GNIP站1961—2015年逐月降水中δ~(18)O与局地气象要素(近地面的气温、降水量和大气可降水量、外向长波辐射以及500 hPa高度的风速)和大尺度环流因子(Nino 4区海表温度距平及南方涛动指数)的关系,并基于层次聚类分析和逐步回归分析方法,讨论了我国降水中δ~(18)O的分区,计算了区内降水中δ~(18)O依各气象因子的回归方程.结果表明,秦岭-淮河一线南北两侧站点降水中δ~(18)O与气象因子之间的关系差异显著,是我国的一条重要的降水稳定同位素环境效应分界线.我国降水中δ~(18)O可以分为3个区域,即北部区(包括西北和东北地区)、中部过渡区(含华北及青藏地区)和南部区,其中北部区和中部过渡区的分界线大致与我国西北地区和北方地区的分界线吻合,中部过渡区与南部区大体与我国北方地区和南方地区的分界线相一致.不同地区控制降水中δ~(18)O的气象因子存在差异:北部区为温度,中部过渡区为温度、500 hPa高度风速以及外向长波辐射,南部区是500 hPa高度的风速.研究结果对于认识我国大气降水中稳定同位素空间分布的特征及其内在机制具有重要意义.     

密闭培养对纤细角毛藻稳定同位素组成的影响

为研究碳源对赤潮藻生长的影响,以赤潮藻纤细角毛藻（Chaetoceros gracilis）为研究对象,在密闭条件下进行培养,模拟赤潮发生时碳源缺乏的生长环境;分析碳源不足对纤细角毛藻不同生长阶段的差异影响,采用密闭培养的方法,分别在正常组和缺氮组的营养条件下培养纤细角毛藻,测定生物量、营养盐浓度和碳氮稳定同位素组成等重要监测指标.结果表明:不同营养条件对纤细角毛藻的生物量存在显著影响.在正常组,c（NO₃--N）（NO₃--N为硝酸盐）随着培养时间呈下降趋势,ρ（NO₂--N）（NO₂--N为亚硝酸盐）和ρ（NH₄+-N）（NH₄+-N为铵盐）与藻类生物量呈显著正相关,ρ（PO₄3--P）（PO₄3--P为磷酸盐）和c（SiO₄2--Si）（SiO₄2--Si为硅酸盐）与藻类生物量呈显著负相关;在缺氮组,c（NO₃--N）、ρ（NO₂--N）、ρ（NH₄+-N）、ρ（PO₄3--P）和c（SiO₄2--Si）均与藻类生物量呈显著负相关.整个试验周期中,正常组和缺氮组δ13C和δ15N值越来越正.其中,正常组的δ13C值比缺氮组的更正,平均高2.286‰;缺氮组的δ15N值比正常组的更正,平均高3.307‰.正常组和缺氮组的δ13C、δ15N值与生物量均呈显著正相关.研究显示,碳源和氮源的不足分别会导致更正的δ13C和δ15N值,推测赤潮发生会导致δ13C和δ15N值偏正,赤潮藻的碳氮稳定同位素组成可以作为赤潮监测的指标和方法.      

降水稳定同位素比率时间变化的iAWBM模拟

进行降水中稳定同位素比率时间变化的i AWBM模拟和比较,有助于评估模式在不同区域的适用性,改善对水循环过程中水稳定同位素变化规律的认识.本文利用i AWBM的模拟数据,分析了GNIP代表站降水中δ18O的时间变化特征、降水中δ18O与温度和降水量之间的关系、区域大气水线,并将模拟结果与实测结果进行了比较.结果表明,9个GNIP代表站的降水同位素在不同季节的变化特点均能被模拟出;各代表站模拟与实测的降水同位素长时间序列之间的相关系数达到显著的信度(p0.001),均方根误差在一个合理的估计范围;i AWBM很好地再现了出现在维也纳、雅库茨克和渥太华站的显著温度效应,出现在香港、波哥大、昆明、哈拉雷和拉罗汤加岛站的降水量效应,以及出现在曼谷站的温度效应和降水量效应共存的特点;模拟的不同气候条件下的区域大气水线与实际大气水线相近.说明i AWBM具有模拟不同气候区降水中稳定同位素时间变化的能力.     

Watershed characteristics and climate factors effect on the temporal variability of mercury in the southern Baltic Sea rivers

Mercury(Hg) is a neurotoxic metal which can enter into the human organism mainly by fish consumption, skin and transpiration. In the coastal zone of the southern Baltic Sea, rivers are the main source of Hg. The Polish region represents the largest proportion of the Baltic Sea catchment and this research included four rivers of the Baltic watershed: the Reda,Zagórska Struga, Kacza and Gizdepka. The samples were collected in the years 2011–2013.Total and particulate Hg concentration in these rivers were measured. Due to intensive rain,deposited mercury on the catchment area was washed out into the riverines water and introduced into the Baltic Sea. Consequently, the load of Hg increased three times.Additionally, the intensive dry atmospheric deposition during heating season caused the increase of the concentration of particulate Hg in the river water even by 85%. The research confirmed the role of the river flow magnitude in the load of mercury introduced into the sea by rivers. Moreover, a high variability of mercury concentration was connected to the additional sources such as the chemicals containing Hg and no municipal sewage system.The analysis of stable isotopes indicated that the SPM contained terrestrial organic matter;however, there was no clear correlation between Hgtot, Corgand Ntotconcentrations and δ~(13)C, δ~(15)N, C/N in particulate matter.     

Isotopes in teeth and a cryptic population of coastal freshwater seals

Human activities threaten the biodiversity of aquatic mammals across the globe. Conservation of these species hinges on the ability to delineate movements and foraging behaviors of animals, but gaining such insights is hampered by difficulties in tracing individuals over their lives. We determined isotope ratios in teeth (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹³C/¹²C, and ¹⁸O/¹⁶O) to examine lifelong movement and resource-use patterns of a unique freshwater population of a wide-ranging pinniped species (harbor seal [Phoca vitulina]) that resides in Iliamna Lake, Alaska (U.S.A.). This population's potentially unique migratory behavior and use of different trophic resources are unknown. The isotope ratios we measured in teeth showed that seals were born in the lake, remained lifelong residents, and relied principally on resources produced from in the lake, even when seasonally abundant and nutrient-dense spawning anadromous fish (i.e., sockeye salmon [Oncorhynchus nerka]) were available in the lake. Our results illustrate how serial isotope records in teeth, particularly ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios, can be used to quantify how coastal mammal populations exploit both freshwater and marine ecosystems. Understanding lifelong patterns of habitat and resource use is essential information when designing effective conservation plans for threatened coastal mammals. We present the Iliamna Lake harbor seals as a unique case study into how isotope records within teeth can help reveal the cryptic ecology of such a population residing in an intact ecosystem. The results also provide critical baseline information for the Kvichak River system, which is facing an uncertain future due to proposed large-scale industrial development and a rapidly changing climate.     

Use of multitracers for the study of water mixing in the Paraíba do Sul River estuary

Multitracers were used to study water mixing in the Paraíba do Sul River estuary region in August 2007 (dry season) and March 2008 (rainy season) and to evaluate the reach of the river plume in the direction of the open ocean. Two sampling campaigns were carried out, each in a different season. Based on these results, it was possible to conclude that the multitracers used in this study (salinity, Si, Ba and U, as well as the radium isotopes ²²³Ra, ²²⁴Ra, ²²⁶Ra and ²²⁸Ra) presented satisfactory results toward defining the plume reach and determining the residence time and water-mixing processes in the estuary. A strong correlation was observed between tracers and the distance to the coast. During the low river water discharge period, the riverine water took about 10 days to reach open ocean waters (salinity ∼ 35). During the rainy period this value decreased to 6 days. Based on the radium results, it was possible to calculate diffusion coefficients (K_h) of 23 km² d⁻¹ and 38 km² d⁻¹ for ²²⁴Ra and ²²³Ra, respectively, during the dry season (winter). Values of 65 km² d⁻¹ and 68 km² d⁻¹ for ²²³Ra and ²²⁴Ra, respectively, were found for the rainy period (summer).     

岩溶区地下水补给型水库表层无机碳时空变化特征及影响因素

为更深入地认识岩溶区地下水补给型水库表层无机碳的循环过程,于2014-07-12~2014-07-20期间,以广西上林县大龙洞岩溶水库表层水体为研究体系,对无机碳循环研究的重要指标进行定点观测和高密度的昼夜监测.结果发现:1从上游到下游DIC含量和水体p CO2值逐渐增加[DIC(平均):122.88 mg·L-1增至172.02 mg·L-1,p CO2(平均):637.91×10-6增至1 399.97×10-6],δ13CDIC值逐渐偏负[δ13CDIC(平均):-4.34‰降至-6.97‰].2库区均为大气CO2的源,CO2交换通量在7.11~335.54 mg·(m2·h)-1之间,平均125.03 mg·(m2·h)-1,上游和下游地区CO2交换通量较大[平均131.73 mg·(m2·h)-1、170.25 mg·(m2·h)-1],中游狭窄地区CO2交换通量较小[平均116.05 mg·(m2·h)-1].3表层水体p CO2值和水-气界面CO2交换通量存在晚上升高,白天降低的昼夜变化规律,且与叶绿素a(Chla)呈负相关关系.分析认为:1大龙洞水库表层水体DIC含量、δ13CDIC值和水体p CO2的空间分布主要受浮游植物浓度、浊度、电导率、水深、透明度等的影响,而水-气界面CO2交换通量除了受浮游植物浓度空间变化的影响外还受风速的影响.2浮游植物昼夜垂向运动及光合作用和呼吸作用昼夜变化控制着水库表层水体溶解性无机碳的昼夜循环过程.     

贵州施秉白云岩喀斯特区水化学和溶解无机碳稳定同位素特征

对贵州施秉白云岩喀斯特世界自然遗产地49个水点进行采样,分析地表水和地下水水化学特征及控制因素,并探讨溶解无机碳(DIC)稳定同位素的分布特征和来源.结果发现,研究区地表水和地下水p H值呈中性到碱性,溶解质较低,水中阳离子以Ca2+、Mg2+为主,阴离子以HCO-3为主,水化学类型为重碳酸-钙镁型(HCO3-Ca·Mg).北部上游页岩分布区外源水水中Cl-、NO-3、SO2-4的比重相对白云岩区喀斯特水水点的高,Si的含量也明显高于白云岩地区喀斯特水;外源水的SIc和SId值为负,而流经白云岩区后均大于0.水化学数据表明研究区水化学受降水和人为活动影响很小,Gibbs图显示水中离子组成主要受岩性的控制.研究区喀斯特地表水中δ13CDIC值变化范围为-8.27‰~-11.55‰,平均为-9.45‰,地下水的δ13CDIC值范围为-10.57‰~-15.59‰,平均为-12.04‰,地表水δ13CDIC值比地下水偏重.DIC的δ13CDIC值在杉木河支流上整体表现为河流上游相对于下游偏轻,而杉木河干流上河水DIC的δ13CDIC值的变化则比较复杂.根据同位素质量平衡,利用DIC的δ13CDIC实测值,计算了喀斯特区地下水DIC来自土壤CO2和白云岩矿物溶解的比例,计算结果为51.2%来自于土壤CO2,矿物本身的贡献约为48.8%.