控制ORP实现连续流反应器部分亚硝化稳定运行

利用ORP在线监控设备,研究了控制ORP值实现连续流部分亚硝化反应器稳定运行的可行性,并使出水水质满足厌氧氨氧化需求.结果表明,在亚硝氮与氨氮比值、温度和pH值恒定的条件下,反应器内ORP值波动主要由于DO浓度波动引起.在稳定的亚硝化系统中,当ORP值大于250mV左右时,反应器出水亚硝氮与氨氮比值大于2.1;当ORP值控制在150mV左右时,反应器出水亚硝氮与氨氮比值稳定在1.2~1.3之间.ORP值控制在120mV时,反应器出水亚硝氮与氨氮浓度比值为0.9~1.06.将ORP值控制在150mV时,随着进水氨氮浓度由300mg/L提高至813mg/L,反应器出水亚硝氮与氨氮比值基本维持在1.1~1.3之间.但随之增加的游离氨浓度易导致亚硝化菌活性抑制.因此,在低氧环境下ORP作为连续流部分亚硝化反应器亚硝化程度的控制指标,其灵敏度和精度明显优于DO监测设备.     

碳氮氧同位素解析典型岩溶流域地下水中硝酸盐来源与归趋

利用多同位素（C、N和O）和水化学方法解析贵州八步地下河流域水体中硝酸盐（NO₃^-）来源与转化过程,利用SIAR模型定量计算NO₃^-不同输入端的贡献比例.结果表明,研究区地下水NO₃^-污染严重,近38%的地下水样品NO₃^-超过饮用水限值.地下水的δ¹⁵N-NO₃值介于2.3‰~30.33‰,均值9.68‰,δ¹⁸O-NO₃值介于2.65‰~13.73‰,均值6.64‰,δ¹⁸O-H₂O值介于-8.83‰~-7.37‰,均值-8.18‰.同位素组成（δ¹⁵N-NO₃、δ¹⁸O-NO₃和δ¹⁸O-H₂O）指示硝化作用主导着流域内氮素循环.硝化作用产生的硝酸加速了碳酸盐岩溶解,导致地下水中δ¹³C_DIC与δ¹⁵N-NO₃存在显著负相关性（P<0.001）,说明δ¹³C_DIC与δ¹⁵N-NO₃相结合是判断岩溶水中NO₃^-转化的有效手段.地下水和地表水中NO₃^-主要来源于土壤氮、粪肥污水和铵态氮肥料,其对地下水中NO₃^-贡献率分别为36.19%、33.71%和30.1%,对地表水贡献率分别为39.15%、36.08%和24.77%.岩溶流域内污水处理应同时去除污水中的NO₃^-和NH₄⁺,农业区应科学施肥,以有效降低地下水中NO₃^-的补给通量.     

北京与成都大气污染特征及空气质量改善效果评估

近年来我国空气质量持续改善,大气颗粒物浓度明显降低.为探究气象条件和减排措施对细颗粒物（PM_2.5）浓度的相对贡献,选取两个典型代表城市——北京和成都,对比分析两城市所处的地理环境条件、污染排放以及气象扩散条件.结果表明,北京与成都2013~2018年重污染天数及污染过程显著减少,SO₂和PM_2.5浓度降幅明显,与2013年相比,两城市2018年SO₂浓度的降幅分别为77.8%和70.9%,PM_2.5浓度分别降低了42.7%和48.5%.冬季PM_2.5浓度下降速率最大,每年分别以13.5μg·m^-3和14.1μg·m^-3的速率降低.2013~2018年成都较北京风速偏小,温度偏高约3℃,静小风日数偏多,冬季静小风频率高,混合层高度、大气容量指数以及通风系数明显偏小,大气扩散条件较差.综合静稳天气指数（SWI）和环境气象指数（EMI）结果表明北京大气扩散条件优于成都,但近几年的变化程度有所不同.2014~2018年两城市的EMI呈减小趋势,2018年成都地区EMI降幅最显著,气象条件明显好转.与2014年相比,2018年北京与成都全年大气污染减排对PM_2.5浓度的贡献分别为33.5%和24.0%,气象条件的贡献分别为7.2%和11.1%;冬季减排贡献分别为31.7%和32.5%,气象条件的贡献比全年的大.     

植物吸收土壤有机氮的研究进展

传统的氮循环模式认为,土壤有机氮只有经过微生物分解转化为无机氮(NH₄⁺+NO₃^-)后才能为植物吸收利用。然而,近年来许多研究证实多种陆地植物具有从土壤中获取小分子有机物质(如自由态氨基酸)的能力,对传统的氮循环模式形成巨大的挑战。论文从土壤中氮素的形态、植物吸收有机氮的证据、有机氮吸收的机制、以有机氮为重要氮源的生态系统类型以及根系吸收与分泌有机氮之间的平衡等5个方面进行了综述,分析了当前研究方法的优缺点,针对本领域内核心科学问题,提出了未来植物吸收有机氮的改进方法及研究方向,为进行植物利用有机氮的研究提供方法基础。     

基于演化博弈的危化品安全监管情景推演研究

针对危化品安全生产监管问题,基于演化博弈理论构建危化品安全监管演化博弈模型,并将危化品事故发生率引入模型,对比分析危化品企业与地方政府监管部门行为策略的演化稳定均衡。在此基础上进行情景推演模拟仿真,研究表明:危化品事故发生率,对危化品企业和地方政府监管部门的策略选择有显著影响,当危化品事故发生概率低于某一临界值时,危化品企业和监管部门都会疏忽安全投入和监管;地方政府承受危化品事故经济损失和信誉损失增大时,危化品安全监管系统演化呈现出周期性波动;引入上级政府惩罚机制情景下,当上级政府惩罚力度高于危化品企业未投入安全生产受到的处罚和地方政府安全监管成本时,其最终都选择安全投入和严格监管策略。研究结论为政府监管危化品安全生产提供新的思路和对策建议。     

西藏盐井地区盐泉同位素特征示踪研究

对西藏盐井地区盐泉、曲孜卡泉、地表水及重要地层进行了同位素测定和分析,结合区域地质构造条件、辅以水化学证据确定泉水的补径排模式。δD~δ18O规律指示出盐泉和温泉的补给类型的差异;用δ18O对泉水的补给区海拔高程进行恢复;泉水、岩样的δ13C~δ18O规律指示出盐泉流经的主要相关层位为上三叠统地层T3b~T3d;其排泄主要受到芒康-盐井复式向斜次级背斜核部的张性裂隙所控制。     

Measuring the radium quartet (Ra, Ra, Ra, Ra) in seawater samples using gamma spectrometry

Radium isotopes are widely used in marine studies (eg. to trace water masses, to quantify mixing processes or to study submarine groundwater discharge). While ²²⁸Ra and ²²⁶Ra are usually measured using gamma spectrometry, short-lived Ra isotopes (²²⁴Ra and ²²³Ra) are usually measured using a Radium Delayed Coincidence Counter (RaDeCC). Here we show that the four radium isotopes can be analyzed using gamma spectrometry. We report ²²⁶Ra, ²²⁸Ra, ²²⁴Ra, ²²³Ra activities measured using low-background gamma spectrometry in standard samples, in water samples collected in the vicinity of our laboratory (La Palme and Vaccarès lagoons, France) but also in seawater samples collected in the plume of the Amazon river, off French Guyana (AMANDES project). The ²²³Ra and ²²⁴Ra activities determined in these samples using gamma spectrometry were compared to the activities determined using RaDeCC. Activities determined using the two techniques are in good agreement. Uncertainties associated with the ²²⁴Ra activities are similar for the two techniques. RaDeCC is more sensitive for the detection of low ²²³Ra activities. Gamma spectrometry thus constitutes an alternate method for the determination of short-lived Ra isotopes.     

Stable isotope signatures reflect competitiveness between trees under changed CO2/O3 regimes

Here we synthesize key findings from a series of experiments to gain new insight on inter-plant competition between juvenile beech (Fagus sylvatica) and spruce (Picea abies) under the influence of increased O₃ and CO₂ concentrations. Competitiveness of plants was quantified and mechanistically interpreted as space-related resource investments and gains. Stable isotopes were addressed as temporal integrators of plant performance, such as photosynthesis and its relation to water use and nitrogen uptake. In the weaker competitor, beech, efficiency in space-related aboveground resource investment was decreased in competition with spruce and positively related to Δ¹³C, as well as stomatal conductance, but negatively related to δ¹⁸O. Likewise, our synthesis revealed that strong belowground competition for water in spruce was paralleled in this species by high N assimilation capacity. We suggest combining the time-integrative potential of stable isotopes with space-related investigations of competitiveness to accomplish mechanistic understanding of plant competition for resources.     

Pb isotopes as tracers of mining-related Pb in lichens, seaweed and mussels near a former Pb-Zn mine in West Greenland

Identification of mining-related contaminants is important in order to assess the spreading of contaminants from mining as well as for site remediation purposes. This study focuses on lead (Pb) contamination in biota near the abandoned ‘Black Angel Mine’ in West Greenland in the period 1988-2008. Stable Pb isotope ratios and total Pb concentrations were determined in lichens, seaweed and mussels as well as in marine sediments. The results show that natural background Pb (²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb: 0.704-0.767) and Pb originating from the mine ore (²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb: 0.955) have distinct isotopic fingerprints. Total Pb in lichens, seaweed, and mussels was measured at values up to 633, 19 and 1536 mg kg⁻¹ dry weight, respectively, and is shown to be a mixture of natural Pb and ore-Pb. This enables quantification of mining-related Pb and shows that application of Pb isotope data is a valuable tool for monitoring mining pollution.     

Anthropogenic NOx emissions alter the intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUEi) for Quercus cerris stands under Mediterranean climate conditions

We investigated the effect of N deposition (Ndep) on intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUE_i), the ratio of photosynthesis (A) to stomatal conductance (g_s), for two Quercus cerris stands at different distances to an oil refinery in Southern Italy. We used δ¹³C in tree rings for assessing changes in WUE_i; while the influence of climate and NO_x emission was explored through δ¹⁸O and δ¹⁵N, respectively. Differences in WUE_i between the two sites were significant, with trees exposed to different degrees of NO_x emissions showing an abrupt increase with the onset of pollution. Assuming similar g_s at the two sites, as inferred through δ¹⁸O, the higher N availability at the polluted site caused the shift of the A/g_s ratio in favour of A. Overall, our result suggests that an increase of Ndep may enhance tree WUE under a scenario of reduction of precipitation predicted for Mediterranean area.