河口水体中溶解CO_2及其稳定同位素在线同时测定的技术研究——吹扫-EA-IRMS联用法

稳定碳同位素比值(13 C/12 C)是指示碳生物地球化学行为的有效指标。本研究研制并优化了CO2及其稳定同位素测定的吹扫预处理系统,将该系统与EA-IRMS联用实现了溶解CO2、其它形式DIC及二者碳同位素比值的在线同时测定,测得河口水样中易逃逸CO2及其它形式DIC的相对标准偏差分别为3.7%和3.0%;二者的δ13 C值的标准偏差分别为0.30‰和0.15‰。运用此法对九龙江9个站位表层水中不同形态DIC的碳同位素进行测定,得出易逃逸CO2的δ13 C平均值为-12.90‰,其他形式DIC的δ13 C平均值为-5.63‰。该法为水体中无机碳及其稳定碳同位素的测定研究提供了新途径。     

喀斯特坡地土壤硫同位素变化指示的土壤硫循环

用土壤硫形态连续提取方法分离测定了喀斯特坡地土壤总硫、有机硫、SO24-和FeS2的硫同位素组成及其含量.总体来看,土壤剖面表层各形态硫δ34S值FeS2最低,介于-6.86‰~-4.22‰,其次为SO24-(-2.64‰~-1.34‰),第三为总硫(-3.25‰~-1.03‰),最高为有机硫(-1.63‰~0.50‰),随土壤剖面加深各形态硫δ34S值均有增大的趋势.SO24-和FeS2的δ34S值深度分布具有共变性,这与SO24-异化还原有关;而总硫和有机硫的δ34S值随剖面加深而平行增大,则与有机硫循环有关.硫同位素组成可鉴别土壤硫源,同时SO24-异化还原和有机硫矿化有明显的硫同位素分馏,而硫化物氧化及SO24-同化基本不产生同位素分馏,则土壤各形态硫的硫同位素组成的垂直变化可以很好地记录与深度相关的硫循环过程.并且,通过对比各形态硫含量及其硫同位素组成的深度分布特征,也可以很好地判别土壤内部的SO24-和有机硫组分的迁移过程.     

Contribution of anadromous fish to the diet of European catfish in a large river system

Many anadromous fish species, when migrating from the sea to spawn in fresh waters, can potentially be a valuable prey for larger predatory fish, thereby efficiently linking these two ecosystems. Here, we assess the contribution of anadromous fish to the diet of European catfish (Silurus glanis) in a large river system (Garonne, southwestern France) using stable isotope analysis and allis shad (Alosa alosa) as an example of anadromous fish. Allis shad caught in the Garonne had a very distinct marine δ¹³C value, over 8‰ higher after lipid extraction compared to the mean δ¹³C value of all other potential freshwater prey fish. The δ¹³C values of European catfish varied considerably between these two extremes and some individuals were clearly specializing on freshwater prey, whereas others specialized on anadromous fish. The mean contribution of anadromous fish to the entire European catfish population was estimated to be between 53% and 65%, depending on the fractionation factor used for δ¹³C.     

Modeling soil and plant phosphorus within DSSAT

The crop models in the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) have served worldwide as a research tool for improving predictions of relationships between soil and plant nitrogen (N) and crop yield. However, without a phosphorus (P) simulation option, the applicability of the DSSAT crop models in P-deficient environments is limited. In this study, a soil-plant P model integrated to DSSAT was described, and results showing the ability of the model to mimic wide differences in maize responses to P in Ghana are presented as preliminary attempts to testing the model on highly weathered soils. The model simulates P transformations between soil inorganic labile, active and stable pools and soil organic microbial and stable pools. Plant growth is limited by P between two concentration thresholds that are species-specific optimum and minimum concentrations of P defined at different stages of plant growth. Phosphorus stress factors are computed to reduce photosynthesis, dry matter accumulation and dry matter partitioning. Testing on two highly weathered soils from Ghana over a wide range of N and P fertilizer application rates indicated that the P model achieved good predictability skill at one site (Kpeve) with a final grain yield root mean squared error (RMSE) of 535 kg ha⁻¹and a final biomass RMSE of 507 kg ha⁻¹. At the other site (Wa), the RMSE was 474 kg ha⁻¹ for final grain yield and 1675 kg ha⁻¹ for final biomass. A local sensitivity analysis indicated that under P-limiting conditions and no P fertilizer application, crop biomass, grain yield, and P uptake could be increased by over 0.10% due to organic P mineralization resulting from a 1% increase in organic carbon. It was also shown that the modeling philosophy that makes P in a root-free zone unavailable to plants resulted in a better agreement of simulated crop biomass and grain yield with field measurements. Because the complex soil P chemistry makes the availability of P to plants extremely variable, testing under a wider range of agro-ecological conditions is needed to complement the initial evaluation presented here, and extend the use of the DSSAT-P model to other P-deficient environments.     

Estimating the critical phosphorus loading of shallow lakes with the ecosystem model PCLake: Sensitivity, calibration and uncertainty

There is a vast body of knowledge that eutrophication of lakes may cause algal blooms. Among lakes, shallow lakes are peculiar systems in that they typically can be in one of two contrasting (equilibrium) states that are self-stabilizing: a ‘clear’ state with submerged macrophytes or a ‘turbid’ state dominated by phytoplankton. Eutrophication may cause a switch from the clear to the turbid state, if the P loading exceeds a critical value. The ecological processes governing this switch are covered by the ecosystem model PCLake, a dynamic model of nutrient cycling and the biota in shallow lakes. Here we present an extensive analysis of the model, using a three-step procedure. (1) A sensitivity analysis revealed the key parameters for the model output. (2) These parameters were calibrated on the combined data on total phosphorus, chlorophyll-a, macrophytes cover and Secchi depth in over 40 lakes. This was done by a Bayesian procedure, giving a weight to each parameter setting based on its likelihood. (3) These weights were used for an uncertainty analysis, applied to the switchpoints (critical phosphorus loading levels) calculated by the model. The model was most sensitive to changes in water depth, P and N loading, retention time and lake size as external input factors, and to zooplankton growth rate, settling rates and maximum growth rates of phytoplankton and macrophytes as process parameters. The results for the ‘best run’ showed an acceptable agreement between model and data and classified nearly all lakes to which the model was applied correctly as either ‘clear’ (macrophyte-dominated) or ‘turbid’ (phytoplankton-dominated). The critical loading levels for a standard lake showed about a factor two uncertainty due to the variation in the posterior parameter distribution. This study calculates in one coherent analysis uncertainties in critical phosphorus loading, a parameter that is of great importance to water quality managers.     

15N Metabolic test for the determination of phytotoxic effects of chemicals and contaminated environmental samples

A stable isotope¹⁵N-nitrogen test (ESIMA = Ecotoxicological Stable Isotope Metabolic Assay) was developed to assess biological effects and the potential toxicological hazard of chemicals and contaminated environmental samples on plant metabolism. The assay measures the effect of toxicants on the incorporation of a¹⁵N labelled tracer into the total nitrogen fraction (both the nonprotein and protein fraction) of plants. Segments ofPisum arvense epicotyls are used as test substrates because of their high metabolic activity. The plant material is incubated under standardised conditions for two hours; subsequently¹⁵N incorporation is analysed by determining the¹⁵N abundance (¹⁵N atom-%) in the epicotyl segments. The effects of toxicants are evaluated by comparing the¹⁵N incorporation rates of control tissue and epicotyl segments exposed to individual chemicals or complex environmental samples. The specificity and sensitivity of effects as indicated by ESIMA were compared with effects as measured by two established ecotoxicological bioassays, the pollen tube growth test using pollen ofNicotiana sylvestris and the bacterial luminescence inhibition test using pollen ofPhotobacterium phosphoreum. The results of the study clearly indicate the suitability of ESIMA for assessing toxic impacts on plant nitrogen metabolism. Prof. Dr. habil. Hans Faust dedicated to his 70^th birthday.     

聚丙烯酰胺对沙土改土保肥的作用

采用在实验室培养和用淋洗管模拟田间淋洗的方法研究聚丙烯酰胺对沙土水稳性团粒结构改良作用,对氮、磷、钾养分保肥的作用以及其合理施用量.实验过程是对加入相同量肥料的沙土湿润培养1周后,再分别加入相同体积不同质量分数聚丙烯酰胺溶液继续培养3d,分别测定水稳性团粒,采用淋洗管法测定养分淋湿量.结果表明:聚丙烯酰胺用量小于2.00g.kg-1土时,土壤中大于0.25 mm的水稳性团粒含量随聚丙烯酰胺用量提高而提高,用量再增加对继续提高水稳性团粒没有显著作用;聚丙烯酰胺施用量小于0.2 g·kg-1土时,对减少氮、磷、钾养分淋失没有显著效果,当用量在0.2～1.5 g·kg-1土时,随聚丙烯酰胺施用量提高土壤淋洗液中氮、磷、钾淋出量显著降低,但是用量>1.5g·kg-1土时,随聚丙烯酰胺施用量提高淋洗液养分含量没有显著差异.结论:聚丙烯酰胺对改善沙土水稳性团粒结构和保肥具有显著作用,明确了聚丙烯酰胺作为沙土改良剂合理用量为1.5-2.00 g·kg-1土.     

磷石膏改善苏打碱土理化性质效果分析

分析了磷石膏对苏打碱土团聚体稳定性、饱和导水率和盐分淋洗效果的影响.结果表明:水稳定大团聚体质量分数和饱和导水率均随磷石膏施用量的逐渐增加而不断提高,磷石膏施用量达到100%GR时,水稳性大团聚体质量分数从对照的0.03%增加到33.31%,饱和导水率从对照的0.13 mm·d~(-1)提高到3.14 mm·d~(-1);出流液电导率和pH均随磷石膏施用量的增加而降低,磷石膏施用量达到100%GR时,出流液电导率和pH分别从对照的8.85 mS·cm~(-1)和10.26降低到3.46mS·cm~(-1)和9.83.因此,磷石膏对苏打碱土理化性质的改良效果十分显著.     

穗花狐尾藻对外源15N在水-沉积物界面迁移转化的影响

通过构建室内模拟系统,利用同位素示踪技术研究过量外源NO3-在微环境中的归趋及生长期的穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum L.)在外源氮迁移转化中的作用.结果表明:在穗花狐尾藻组,反硝化作用、微生物固定、沉水植物吸收、异化硝酸盐还原成氨(DNRA)和转化为可溶性有机氮(DON)的去除作用分别占添加15N的47.54%、25.24%、12.76%、0.52%、1.21%;在对照组,反硝化作用、微生物固定、DNRA作用和转化为DON的去除作用分别占添加15N的32.74%、30.79%、0.54%、5.83%.在穗花狐尾藻组和对照组中约87.24%和69.90%的NO3-进行了转化.反硝化作用是去除两处理组中NO3-的主要方式,其次是微生物的固定作用,穗花狐尾藻的直接吸收也对NO3-的去除起到重要作用,DNRA作用和DON对NO3-的去除作用较小.穗花狐尾藻促进了反硝化作用,加快了NO3-在微环境中的迁移转化,直接或间接地促进了微环境对外源NO3-的去除.