区域生态环境演变的湿地沉积物纤维素同位素研究进展

湿地生态系统是极其敏感的,与环境变化紧密相关。湿地沉积物同位素在近年来的古环境恢复研究中被广泛应用,已趋向成熟,但传统的同位素载体存在一些问题难以摒除,使得运用该方法进行古环境还原经常出现偏差与不确定因素。近15年来,一种同位素研究的新载体被广泛应用-沉积物纤维素,与其他载体相比,植物纤维素具有良好的稳定性,记录了最原始的环境信息。目前,该方法的理论研究日趋成熟,并且它的提取方法近年来也得到了不断改良,实验仪器的改进也使该测量数据更加简便易行,许多学者用沉积物种提取的纤维素同位素对当地古环境与古水文学状况进行了还原,并且其他证据相吻合,证明了此方法的可靠性。但是,该方法还需要在技术手段、理论研究上进一步加深。     

聚硅酸盐对高铁酸钾协促氧化效应影响机制的研究

以絮凝剂聚合硅酸铝为分散物质,对高铁酸钾水溶液中的高铁酸根离子进行隔离,以减少其碰撞几率,抑制其自身分解,协促高铁酸钾对有机物的稳定氧化,延长其氧化时间和提高降解效率。研究了聚合硅酸铝加入量对高铁酸钾稳定性的调节和降解作用机制,探讨了溶液p H值对两者协同降解作用的影响,用正交试验法找出了两者最佳的配比和最适宜的p H值点,并从理论上建立了废水COD降解率与聚合硅酸铝加入量、高铁酸钾加入量以及溶液p H值之间的关系,通过实际工程案例进行了验证,结果基本一致。     

The origin of stable halogenated compounds in volcanic gases

BACKGROUND: Halogenated compounds in the atmosphere are of great environmental concern due to their demonstrated negative effect on atmospheric chemistry and climate. Detailed knowledge of the emission budgets of halogenated compounds has to be gained to understand better their specific impact on ozone chemistry and the climate. Such data are also highly relevant to guide policy decisions in connexion with international agreements about protection of the ozone layer. In selected cases, the relevance of specific emission sources for certain compounds were unclear. In this study we present new and comprehensive evidence regarding the existence and relevance of a volcanic contribution of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), halons (bromine containing halo(hydro)carbons), and fully fluorinated compounds (e.g. CF4 and SF6) to the atmospheric budget. METHODS: In order to obtain new evidence of a volcanic origin of these compounds, we collected repeatedly, during four field campaigns covering a period of two years, gases from fumaroles discharging over a wide range of temperatures at the Nicaraguan subduction zone volcanoes Momotombo, Cerro Negro and Mombacho, and analysed them with very sensitive GC/MS systems. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: In most fumarolic samples certain CFCs, HFCs, HCFCs, halons, and the fully fluorinated compounds CF4 and SF6 were present above detection limits. However, these compounds occur in the fumarole gases in relative proportions characteristic for ambient air. CONCLUSION: This atmospheric fingerprint can be explained by variable amounts of air entering the porous volcanic edifices and successively being incorporated into the fumarolic gas discharges. Recommendation and Outlook. Our results suggest that the investigated volcanoes do not constitute a significant natural source for CFCs, HFCs, HCFCs, halons, CF4, SF6 and NF3.     

河北省山区人口与环境,经济的失衡及协调研究

本文通过对河北山区宏观基础资料和典型资料进行综合分析,认为目前河北山区人口已超出土地对人口的承载力,人口与环境、经济发展正处于一种失衡状态,这正是山区贫困的根源所在。因此,今后十年乃至更长时期内河北山区的总体开发战略要始终坚持“持续发展”的思想,并采取相应的对策措施,尽快使山区人口与环境、经济发展摆脱失衡走向协调。     

Quantifying sediment-associated metal dispersal using Pb isotopes: Application of binary and multivariate mixing models at the catchment-scale

In this study Pb isotope signatures were used to identify the provenance of contaminant metals and establish patterns of downstream sediment dispersal within the River Maritsa catchment, which is impacted by the mining of polymetallic ores. A two-fold modelling approach was undertaken to quantify sediment-associated metal delivery to the Maritsa catchment; employing binary mixing models in tributary systems and a composite fingerprinting and mixing model approach in the wider Maritsa catchment. Composite fingerprints were determined using Pb isotopic and multi-element geochemical data to characterize sediments delivered from tributary catchments. Application of a mixing model allowed a quantification of the percentage contribution of tributary catchments to the sediment load of the River Maritsa. Sediment delivery from tributaries directly affected by mining activity contributes 42-63% to the sediment load of the River Maritsa, with best-fit regression relationships indicating that sediments originating from mining-affected tributaries are being dispersed over 200 km downstream.     

Trace elements and stable sulfur isotopes in plants of acid mine drainage area: Implications for revegetation of degraded land

The abundances of trace elements, a low pH of water and soil in areas impacted by the acid mine drainage (AMD) may cause an excessive uptake of potentially toxic elements and nutritional imbalances in plants. Metal-tolerant, native plants are used for revegetation of degraded mining areas. We established levels of selected trace elements and stable sulfur isotopes in the above-ground plant biomass collected in a mining area in south-central Poland. In 2016, 20 samples of the most common species were collected from sites with a different influence of acid mine drainage and analyzed for trace elements by the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry technique. On the basis of the results obtained in 2016, the most contaminated site was selected for a more detailed study, in which sulfur contents and stable sulfur isotope ratios were determined together with trace elements in 17 samples. The results confirmed that the plants native to the AMD area efficiently accumulated trace elements, especially As and rare earth elements. Mosses showed the highest content of trace elements, but exhibited the lowest concentrations of sulfur accompanied by the highest δ³⁴S values. It has been shown for the first time that stable sulfur isotope composition of AMD plants in south-central Poland is significantly depleted in the ³⁴S isotope showing an average δ³⁴S value of –10.5‰ in comparison with positive δ³⁴S values in local vegetation growing outside the AMD area and in local precipitation.     

基于水化学和氢氧同位素的东宫河流域不同水体转化关系研究

为明晰秦皇岛东宫河流域水环境特征,以该流域大气降水、地下水及地表水为研究对象,通过对水化学和氢氧稳定同位素样品测试及特征分析,揭示其时空变化特征及大气降水、地下水和地表水的相互转化关系.结果表明:①东宫河流域地下水（第四系孔隙水、岩溶水、裂隙水）和地表水（河水、泉水）的水化学类型,枯水期较丰水期丰富.丰水期水化学类型主要以HCO₃-Ca型、HCO₃·SO₄-Ca型和HCO₃-Ca·Mg型为主;枯水期水化学类型以HCO₃-Ca型、HCO₃-Ca·Mg型、HCO₃·SO₄-Ca型、HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Mg型为主.②研究区第四系孔隙水和泉水的离子含量变化受季节影响较大,枯水期离子含量变化较丰水期显著;岩溶水和裂隙水各离子含量变幅较小,基本趋于稳定.岩溶含水层和裂隙含水层中富含石膏,为SO₄2-的主要来源;Na+和Cl-主要来源于易溶解盐NaCl,Ca2+和Mg2+主要来源于方解石的风化溶解.③东宫河流域地下水、地表水及大气降水之间存在密切的水力联系,针对氢氧同位素的组成分析表明,大气降水为地下水和河水的主要来源;不同泉水补给来源存在差异性,泉水主要接受岩溶水补给,同时也受蒸发作用影响;第四系孔隙水接受大气降水和河水的双重补给;裂隙水主要接受山区降水径流补给.研究显示,东宫河流域不同水体中离子含量受降雨量、温度和地质背景等影响,不同水体间联系密切,相互补给排泄.      

咸阳地区某典型地热井的地热水地球化学特征分析

地球化学方法是了解地热系统特点、变化及起源的重要手段,合理开发利用地热资源的前提。基于咸阳地热田XY1地热井1999年与2017年两期水质资料、多年水温变化资料,参考其他学者在研究区取得的研究成果,综合分析了该热水井及区域地热流体地球化学因子的变化特征。根据地热水δD、δ¹⁸O、¹⁴C同位素分析,探讨了该地区地热水的起源及其同位素水文特征。结果表明：该热水井水温变化不大,水-岩平衡状态未改变,大部分离子组分浓度呈上升趋势,水质变差。水化学类型未改变,为Cl-Na型,其中多种水化学组分浓度达到一定标准,可作为医疗热矿水开发利用。研究区热储层以消耗静态储量为主,无现代降水补给。该井地下热水属于第四纪末次冰期北山山区海拔1200 m大气降水入渗成因,为混入古溶滤水的残存沉积水。建议生产过程中应采取地热水回灌措施,使地热资源开发具有可持续性。     

Carbon and hydrogen isotope effects during sorption of organic contaminants on carbonaceous materials

Stable carbon and hydrogen isotopes can be an efficient means to validate biodegradation of organic contaminants in groundwater since it results in an isotopic fractionation. A prerequisite in applying this method in the field is the proof that other processes decreasing the contaminant concentration are conservative with respect to isotope effects. In this paper we show for carbon isotopes of halogenated hydrocarbon compounds [trichloroethene (TCE), cis-dichloroethene (c-DCE), vinylchloride (VC)] and carbon and hydrogen isotopes of BTEX compounds (benzene, toluene, p-xylene) that no significant fractionation occurs during equilibrium sorption onto activated carbon, lignite coke and lignite. In general, effects were in the range of the reproducibility limit of the analytical instrument (0.5 per thousand for delta13C, and 8 per thousand for delta2H). This observation was made for fractions sorbed of less than 5% to more than 95%. Also for rate-limited sorption of TCE onto activated carbon, no significant fractionation in carbon isotopes could be observed. These findings support the assumption that for these classes of compounds, sorption processes in aquifer systems are conservative with respect to isotope effects.     

Effect of source variability and transport processes on carbon isotope ratios of TCE and PCE in two sandy aquifers

Chlorinated ethenes often migrate over extended distances in aquifers and may originate from different sources. The aim of this study was to determine whether stable carbon isotope ratios remain constant during dissolution and transport of chlorinated ethenes and whether the ratios can be used to link plumes to their sources. Detailed depth-discrete delineation of the carbon isotope ratio in a tetrachloroethene (PCE) plume and in a trichloroethene (TCE) plume was done along cross-sections orthogonal to groundwater flow in two sandy aquifers in the Province of Ontario, Canada. At the TCE site, TCE concentrations up to solubility were measured in one high concentration zone close to the bottom of the aquifer from where dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) was collected. A laboratory experiment using the DNAPL indicated that only very small carbon isotope fractionation occurs during dissolution of TCE (0.26 per thousand), which is consistent with field observations. At most sampling points, the delta(13)C of dissolved TCE was similar to that of the DNAPL except for a few sampling points at the bottom of the aquifer close to the underlying aquitard. At these points, a (13)C enrichment of up to 2.4 per thousand was observed, which was likely due to biodegradation and possibly preferential diffusion of TCE with (12)C into the aquitard. In contrast to the TCE site, several distinct zones of high concentration were observed at the PCE site and from zones to zone, the delta(13)C values varied substantially from -24.3 per thousand to -33.6 per thousand. Comparison of the delta(13)C values in the high concentration zones made it possible to divide the plume in the three different domains, each probably representing a different episode and location of DNAPL release. The three different zones could still be distinguished 220 m from the DNAPL sources. This demonstrates that carbon isotope ratios can be used to differentiate between different zones in chlorinated ethene plumes and to link plume zones to their sources. In addition, subtle variations in delta(13)C at plume fringes provided insight into mechanisms of plume spreading in transverse vertical direction. These variations were identified because of the high-resolution provided by the monitoring network.