Contaminant source apportionment by PIMMS lead isotope analysis and SEM-image analysis

By combining scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image analysis and laser ablation plasma ionisation multi-collector mass spectrometry (LA-PIMMS), high precision lead isotope analyses can be obtained from individual metal-rich particles. Soils from Wolverhampton and Nottingham were sampled on the basis of high Pb concentrations or brownfield location. Pressed powder pellets of each were rastered by LA-PIMMS to obtain a bulk Pb-isotope signature. The results plot along an apparent mixing line between the major sources of lead contamination in the UK, that is UK ore deposits and alkyl-lead from petrol additives (Australian ore). Two particularly lead-rich soils were chosen to investigate the lead distribution and isotope variability between size and density fractions. The fine-grained and low-density fractions contained most of the lead and have Pb-isotope ratios comparable with the bulk soils. By contrast, the small, lead-enriched denser fractions contained only a minor proportion of the total lead but Pb-isotope signatures indicating relative enrichment in one or other of the end-members from the mixing line. Further characterisation of individual Pb-rich grains is in progress.     

Centennial Decline in the Trophic Level of an Endangered Seabird after Fisheries Decline

Abstract:  Coastal marine ecosystems worldwide have undergone such profound transformations from overfishing that trophic interactions observed today might be artifacts of these changes. We determined whether the trophic level of an endangered seabird, the Marbled Murrelet ( Brachyramphus marmoratus ), has declined over the past 100 years after the collapse of Pacific sardine ( Sardinops sadax ) fisheries in the late 1940s and the recent declines of similar fisheries in central California. We compared stable-isotope signatures of δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C in feathers of museum specimens collected before fisheries decline with values in murrelet feathers collected recently. Values of δ¹⁵N in prebreeding diets declined significantly, 1.4‰ or 38% of a trophic level, over the past century during cool ocean conditions and by 0.5‰ during warm conditions, whereas postbreeding values of δ¹⁵N were nearly constant. The δ¹³C values in prebreeding diets declined by 0.8‰, suggesting an increased importance of krill in modern compared with historic prebreeding diets, but postbreeding diets did not change. Stable-isotope mixing models indicated that the proportion of energetically superior, high-trophic-level prey declined strongly whereas energetically poor, low-trophic-level and midtrophic-level prey increased in the prebreeding diet in cool years when murrelet reproduction was likely to be high. Decreased prey resources have caused murrelets to fish further down on the food web, appear partly responsible for poor murrelet reproduction, and may have contributed to its listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act.     

雷州半岛岭北地区地下水水文地球化学特征

地下水是雷州半岛重要的供水水源.本研究在雷州半岛岭北地区开展了水化学和氢氧稳定同位素调查,报道了区域地下水水化学特征;基于水化学及同位素地球化学理论和方法揭示了控制水质的主要水文地球化学过程.结果表明,地下水pH、总硬度、TDS以及K⁺、Cl^-、SO₄^-质量浓度较低;H₂SiO₃和NO₃^-质量浓度较高.孔洞裂隙水水化学类型以Mg-Ca-HCO₃和Mg-Ca-HCO₃-Cl型为主,Cl^-沿径流方向增加明显;浅层孔隙水以Ca-Cl、Na-Ca-HCO₃-Cl和Na-Ca-Mg-HCO₃-Cl型为主;中深层孔隙水以Mg-Ca-HCO₃、Na-Ca-Mg-HCO₃和K-Na-HCO₃-SO₄型为主,K⁺、Na⁺、Cl^-和SO₄^-沿径流方向有所增加.地下水受大气降水补给,Cl^-和Na⁺起源于海洋性大气降水,Mg⁺、Ca²⁺和HCO₃^-源自硅酸盐矿物水解,NO₃^-主要来自化学肥料;浅层孔隙水、裂隙孔洞水受蒸发浓缩作用影响,中深层孔隙水受阳离子交换作用影响.计入硝酸盐后,50.85%的NO₃型水指示着地下水具有污染趋势.本研究结果为可持续开发利用区域地下水提供了依据.     

高放废物处置库北山预选区及其邻区深部地下水氢、氧同位素特征

为了解高放废物处置库北山预选区深部地下水是否会通过断裂流入河西走廊地区,危害当地的生态环境和人民安全,本文以北山预选区及其邻区为研究对象,利用同位素地球化学方法,建立了研究区当地大气降水线方程和同位素高程效应方程,通过对比两个系统地下水δD、δ~(18)O值和氘盈余特征的差异,确定北山地区与走廊地区的深部地下水具有不同的起源,即北山预选区深部地下水起源于地质历史时期受到过强烈蒸发的大气降水,祁连山北麓-河西走廊地区地下水呈现出典型的现代大气降水补给特征,没有表现出明显的蒸发特征,氢、氧稳定同位素特征表明北山预选区深部地下水并未进入走廊地区,为高放废物处置库的选址工作提供一定的理论依据。     

丹参川芎嗪联合黄芪注射液治疗稳定型心绞痛的临床疗效观察

评价丹参川芎嗪注射液与黄芪注射液合用治疗稳定型心绞痛的临床疗效．将64例稳定型心绞痛患者随机分为两组,治疗组32例用丹参川芎嗪注射液与黄芪注射液各20ml加入5％葡萄糖250mL中静脉输注,每日1次,14d1疗程,用药1疗程;对照组32例用黄芪注射液20ml加入5％葡萄糖250mL中静脉输注,每日1次,14d1疗程,用药1疗程．观察两组临床症状、心电图、血脂等指标．治疗组临床总有效率为93．7％,心电图总有效率为71．9％;对照组分别为53．1％和46．9％,两组比较有统计学意义（P〈0．05）．治疗组治疗后血液流变学指标显著降低（P〈0．01）．丹参川芎嗪注射液与黄芪注射液联合治疗稳定型心绞痛疗效确切．表3,表8．     

Total Lead and Stable Lead Isotopes in Stockholm Sediments

Lead (Pb) in the environment is derived from both naturaland anthropogenic sources. The aim of this study is to estimate the isotopic signature of anthropogenic Pb in sediments from a highly contaminated area (Stockholm), to discuss the influence of different sources on this signature, and to suggest natural Pb background concentrations. Also distribution patterns and differences between different water areas in Stockholm have been studied, both by total Pb and stable Pb isotopes. In 1993, sediment samples were collected at 24 stations in the Stockholm area and analysed for total Pb, zirconium (Zr), scandium (Sc) and stable Pb isotopes (^{204, 206-208}Pb). Total Pb data show that the Stockholm sediments are severely contaminated by Pb. The contamination seems to be rather local since the small lakes surrounding the central parts of Stockholm are much less effected than the central parts. Stockholm is clearly influenced by anthropogenic and natural sources, but in some of the small lakes also by Pb in zircons from the geological basement. The anthropogenic Pb in Stockholm has typical ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ratios of 0.85–0.89 and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios of 36–38, which are distinct from natural sources. Pb/Sc ratios suggest that the natural background Pb concentration is 10–20 mg kg^-1 d.w.     

基于正定矩阵因子分析模型的城郊农田土壤重金属源解析

选取南京城郊农田为研究对象,通过正定矩阵因子分析法(PMF)探究表层土壤重金属主要来源,将预测值和实测值进行线性拟合,讨论该方法的准确性,并利用Pb稳定同位素比值结果进行对比分析,进一步验证该方法的可行性.结果表明,农田表层土壤Cd、As、Hg、Pb、Cu、Zn和Cr的平均含量远远超过背景值,部分土壤样点Cd和Cu超过国家土壤环境质量标准的二级标准.常年大量施用肥料等农业投入品进行高强度农业活动、周边工业生产、交通污染和自然母质均对研究区土壤重金属的累积产生一定的贡献.PMF模型模拟的Cd、Hg和Cr预测值与实测值线性拟合r2均大于90%,其余元素r2均大于70%,呈现很好的相关性,满足研究需要.PMF模型和Pb稳定同位素比值法计算大气降尘对土壤Pb累积的贡献率分别为32.1%和36.8%,结果比较接近,表明PMF模型可以很好地应用于土壤重金属源解析研究.     

喀斯特地区坡地土壤可溶性有机碳的分布特征

以广西喀斯特地区2个不同退化程度的典型坡地作为研究对象,测定了坡地表层和不同地形部位(坡肩、坡背、坡腰和坡脚)剖面土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量和δ13CDOC值,分析了土壤中DOC的迁移变化规律及影响因素.结果表明,DOC含量主要受到有机质输入?地形和土壤质量等因素影响.灌丛坡地表层土壤中DOC含量要高于草丛坡地,2个坡地表层土壤中DOC含量均随坡面向下而升高,与土壤有机碳(SOC)变化呈相反趋势.而在坡地各个地形剖面中,除灌丛坡地的坡肩和坡背2个剖面土壤中DOC含量随土层深度表现出一定的升高趋势,其他剖面中DOC含量均随土层深度增加而降低.灌丛坡地表层土壤中δ13CDOC值变化幅度明显高于草丛坡地,范围在-15.1‰~-22.1‰,与坡地植被和δ13CSOC值变化密切相关;而草丛坡地表层土壤δ13CDOC值范围在-19.98‰~-20.96‰,其变化幅度很小,与土壤δ13CSOC值变化相似,但与地表植被变化关系不明显,表明了DOC来源主要受到SOC的影响;而各个地形剖面中δ13CDOC值变化较为复杂,但灌丛坡地各剖面变化幅度明显高于草丛坡地相应剖面.剖面中有机质分解程度和输入量决定了δ13CDOC值变幅大小,因此土壤剖面中δ13CDOC值随深度变化的趋势,能够很好地反映剖面土壤中DOC迁移转化过程.     

生态补偿过程动态演化机制及其稳定策略研究

生态补偿是通过调节相关方的利益关系,实现可持续利用生态系统服务的一种手段或制度安排。论文从微观维度对生态补偿问题进行研究,将生态补偿利益群体分为实施群和受益群,建立非对称演化博弈模型,分析各群体利益关系的复制动态、演化稳定策略和演化博弈系统的稳定性。结果表明:在"举报惩罚"制度存在的情况下,两群体间的演化博弈存在唯一的稳定均衡策略(保护、补偿),即实施群选择"保护"策略,受益群选择"补偿"策略,其中实施群决策主导系统稳定性;利益群体各决策选择的比重是稳定均衡策略的重要影响因素,增加实施群和受益群选择"保护"和"补偿"策略的比重,可加快稳定均衡策略的有效形成。     

Influence of hydrodynamic conditions on the production and fate of Posidonia oceanica in a semi-enclosed shallow basin (Stagnone di Marsala,Western Sicily)

An integrated approach using hydrodynamic and transport numerical models, lepidochronology and stable isotope analysis was used to investigate how local hydrodynamic conditions influence the primary production and fate of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica in a Mediterranean semi-enclosed marine system (Stagnone di Marsala). The water mass exchange aptitude of different sectors of the basin was analysed, and data collected were used to select two sectors (colonized by Posidonia oceanica showing the lowest and highest water exchange values) for biological analyses. According to the mean dispersal coefficient differences simulated by the hydrodynamic model, growth rate and primary production of P. oceanica differed between sectors, with average values lower in the central sector where water exchange is lower than in the southern sector. Although P. oceanica coverage and primary production were higher in the southern sector, carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis suggests that the transfer of seagrass organic matter to higher trophic levels of the food web was higher in the central sector. The possibility of a link between hydrodynamism, production and fate of organic matter is proposed to explain the observed patterns.