以运行费用函数为基础制定超标污水收费标准

根据现行的上海市和国家的超标污水征收标准的特点，提出制定新标准的５项原则。新标准的制定方案中，确定以ｙ＝ａ．ｘ＾β费用函数基础；用数理统计等方法，通过对污染排放标准，处理深度和处理费用３者关系的处理，得出二类污染物中，１级收费标准比现行２级收费标准上升３０％、２级收费采用现行标准、３级收费标准比现行标准下降２０－３０％；并提出污染物收费的计算公式，经对方案的论证和测算，说明其有效好的可行性。     

加强环境监测站规范化管理的有效措施

环境监测质量是监测工作的生命线,也是监测技术管理的核心内容,其根本目的是确保监测数据达到代表性、精密性、准确性、可比性和完整性的要求。实践证明,加强环境监测站规范化管理可以全程序的保证监测质量,提高工作效率,减少工作中的随意性。实验室资质认证、持续有效运行的质量管理体系、完善的监测技术规范、强化培训机制提高人员素质、加强全程序质量监督等措施可以有效地提高监测站规范化管理。     

如何实施工业企业厂界噪声的规范性监测

"工业企业厂界噪声"监测目的、测量条件、时段选择,规范的监测程序及注意的问题,完整的监测报告。     

河流健康评价标准研究——以贾鲁河流域郑州段为例

阐述了河流健康以及河流健康评价的概念,论述了河流健康评价的发展以及标准制定的原则和依据。并以贾鲁河流域(郑州段)为例,从生境状况、生物状况、生态功能三方面着手构建河流健康评价指标体系,并论述了该体系中各指标变量标准建立的过程。     

Determination of 4-tert-octylphenol in surface water samples of Jinan in China by solid phase extraction coupled with GC-MS

Octylphenols, considered as xenoestrogens, mainly exist as 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) in aquatic environments. The high stability and accumulation of OP in aquatic systems have caused endocrine disruption. The OP in surface water in Jinan, China was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) coupled with solid phase extraction (SPE). Water samples were extracted by SPE on a cartridge system containing C-18 as sorbent. To increase sensitivity and selectivity, OP was derivatized to 4-tert-octyl-phenoxy silane. With the use of phenanthrene-d10 as internal standard, the detection limit based on signal-to-noise ratio (S/N = 3) was 0.06 ng/mL. The average recovery was from 84.67% to 109.7%. The precision of the method given as the relative standard deviations (RSD) was within the range 6.24%-12.96%. In the target water samples, the concentrations of OP were as follows: 15.88-71.24 ng/L for Jinxiuchuan Reservoir, 3.850-26.68 ng/L for the city moat, 6.930-41.56 ng/L for Daming Lake, 66.03-474.2 ng/L for Xiaoqing River, 14.66-17.72 ng/L for the Yellow River, and 10.60-26.43 ng/L for Queshan Reservoir. The Xiaoqing River was seriously polluted due to the discharge of wastewater from Jinan. Jinxiuchuan Reservoir had a higher concentration of OP compared with the Yellow River and Queshan Reservoir, which is ascribed to the surrounding human activities. These data are reported for the first time, providing strong support for the control of OP pollution in Jinan.     

土壤重金属污染风险筛选值划分方法:以Cd为例

《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB 15618-2018)给出了我国土壤环境质量的风险筛选值,但由于不同地区土壤组分及理化性质等方面的差异,使得该值对某些地区存在局限性.基于《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762-2017)中给出的农作物中污染物的限值,以渝东南主要农耕区土壤中Cd为例、元素生物有效态的含量为基础划分建议筛选值.此方法可为重金属生物有效性较高、较低或Se元素含量丰富等典型地区完善土壤重金属及健康元素阈值提供借鉴和参考.     

京津冀地区控制PM2.5污染的健康效益评估

基于流行病学综合研究成果,运用环境健康风险评估技术和环境价值评估方法,对京津冀地区实施并达到2012年新颁布的《空气质量标准》中细颗粒物(PM2.5)浓度标准可实现的健康效益进行了评估,并对区域内各城市的健康效益进行了比较分析.结果表明,京津冀地区能够实现的健康效益总和可达到612~2560亿元/a(均值为1729亿元/a),相当于该地区2009年地方生产总值的1.66%~6.94%(均值为4.68%).其中河北省所能实现的总健康效益最大,北京、天津和石家庄这些大城市能够实现的健康改善和经济效益最为显著.本文的研究结果可望为实施PM2.5空气质量标准的成本效益分析提供科学依据,并为大气污染区域联防联控和环境质量管理与合作提供重要的政策决策参考.     

Which “fairness”, for whom,and why? An empirical analysis of plural notions of fairness in Fairtrade Carbon Projects,using Q methodology

Fairness is a relative concept with multiple, subjective and competing notions of what it is, how to achieve it, and for which beneficiaries. Fairtrade International's collaborative efforts to develop a standard to certify Fairtrade Carbon Credits (FCCs) brought together multiple stakeholders in a deliberative context. This paper uses Q methodology to empirically assess the notions of fairness this wider consultation group held. Three distinct ‘factors’ (or perspectives) are identified, and discussed in relation to a multi-dimensional framework for exploring fairness. The first factor prioritises development delivered through organisations, participation in decision-making and use of minimum prices to adjust trade imbalances. The second factor conceptualises a non-exclusive approach maximising generation and sales of FCCs, involving a commodity chain where everyone performs their optimum function with financial transparency and information-sharing to facilitate negotiations. The third factor involves minimising intervention, allowing carbon commodity chains and project set-ups to function efficiently, and make their own adjustments to enhance benefits access and quality received by beneficiaries. The three factors reflect debates within carbon and fair trade spheres about who should be playing which roles, who should be accessing which benefits, and how people should be supported to interact on an uneven playing field. Communicating findings to standards organisations enables a more open and inclusive policy process. Our research provides a critical reflection on these plural notions of fairness, identifying areas of (dis)agreement within the FCC dialogue, and provides a wider, yet manageable, set of inputs for supporting the FCC process during its inception and subsequent implementation. Clearer definitions of “fairness” are also useful for standards organisations in reviewing ex post whether “fairness” goals have been met.     

混凝气浮+SBR处理再生花炮纸工艺废水的应用

采用混凝气浮+SBR处理年产1万t再生花炮纸工艺废水,对SS、CODCr、BOD5的处理效率分别为96.2%、96.2%、93.1%,最大日均值排放浓度分别为64mg/L、80.7mg/L、26mg/L,排放负荷分别为0.59kg/t、0.63kg/t、0.22 kg/t,均未超过标准限值的要求(pH范围为6.14-7.20);CODCr年排放总量5.4t小于20t/年;纸浆回收率92.0%、白水回用率94.4%、水循环利用率93.2%达标;实现"三排三率"六达标。     

安全标准化评审标准的理解与应用

结合对《危险化学品从业单位安全生产标准化评审标准》的理解,对评审标准实际运用过程中存在的具体问题提出了应对措施。