微波消解/ICP-AES法测定土壤中的环境有效态金属元素

传统的土壤样品消解技术手续繁琐、费时,成为整个分析过程的薄弱环节;微波消解很好地解决了这一问题。采用微波消解技术处理土壤样品,以ICP-AES法测定Ag、As、Ba.Be、Cu、Mn、Mo、Ni、Pb、Sr、V、Zn,Al、Co 14种环境有效态金属元素。选择了HNO_3-HCL-H_20_2消解体系,确定了最佳微波消解功率和时间。方法精密度以相对标准偏差表示为1.20％～6.13％,准确度以回收率表示为79.6％～97.4％,与传统的酸解法处理样品相比较,相对误差在±120％以下,结果基本一致。微波消解处理土壤样品比传统的酸解法节省了约10倍的时间,具有快速、高效、清洁、用量少、背景值小等优点。     

Estimation and comparison of night-time OH levels in the UK urban atmosphere using two di erent analysis methods

Night-time OH levels have been determined for UK urban surface environments using two methods, the decay and steady state approximation methods. Measurement data from the UK National Environmental Technology Centre archive for four urban sites (Bristol, Harwell, London Eltham and Edinburgh) over the time period of 1996 to 2000 have been used in this study. Three reactive alkenes, namely isoprene, 1,3-butadiene and trans-2-pentene were chosen for the calculation of OH levels by the decay method. Hourly measurements of NO, NO2, O3, CO and 20 VOCs were used to determine night-time OH level using the steady state approximation method. Our results showed that the night-time OH levels were in the range of 1 105–1 106 molecules/cm3 at these four urban sites in the UK. The application of a t-test of these analyses indicated that except Bristol, there was no significant di erence between the OH levels found from the decay and steady state approximation methods. Night-time levels of the OH radical appeared to peak in summer and spring time tracking the night-time O3 levels which also passed through a maximum at this time.     

云南纳板河流域国家级自然保护区国家重点保护植物调查及保护问题

通过对云南纳板河流域国家级自然保护区的野外调查,实地共发现13科18种国家重点保护野生植物,占我国国家重点保护野生植物总数的7．1％,其中东京桐（Deutzianthus tonkienensis）为保护区内首次发现的新记录种。查明了国家重点保护植物在区内的地理坐标、种群数量和分布特点,分析了其就地保护中存在的主要问题和威胁因素,并提出了具体的建议对策。     

Aerosol optical properties and the mixing state of black carbon at a background mountainous site in Eastern China

In-situ measurements of aerosol optical properties were conducted at Mt. Huang from September 23 to October 28, 2012. Low averages of 82.2, 10.9, and 14.1 Mm~(-1) for scattering coefficient(σ_(sp, neph, 550)), hemispheric backscattering coefficient(σ_(hbsp, neph, 550)), and absorption coefficient(σ_(ap, 550)), respectively, were obtained. Atmospheric aging process resulted in the increase of σap, 550 but the decrease of the single scattering albedo(ω_(550)) at constant aerosol concentration. However, the proportion of non-light-absorbing components(non-BCs) was getting higher during the aging process, resulting in the increase of aerosol diameter, which also contributed to relatively higher σ_(sp, neph, 550) and ω_(550). Diurnal cycles of σ_(sp, neph, 550) and σ_(ap, 550) with high values in the morning and low values in the afternoon were observed closely related to the development of the planetary boundary layer and the mountain-valley breeze. BC mixing state, represented by the volume fraction of externally mixed BC to total BC(r), was retrieved by using the modified Mie model.The results showed r reduced from about 70% to 50% when the externally mixed non-BCs were considered. The periodical change and different diurnal patterns of r were due to the atmospheric aging and different air sources under different synoptic systems. Local biomass burning emissions were also one of the influencing factors on r. Aerosol radiative forcing for different mixing state were evaluated by a "two-layer-single-wavelength" model,showing the cooling effect of aerosols weakened with BC mixing state changing from external to core-shell mixture.     

洞庭湖水体异味物质及其与藻类和水质的关系

以洞庭湖水体中异味物质为研究对象,开展异味物质调查,并结合藻类结构、水质及其营养状况等因素,深入分析洞庭湖异味物质的来源和变化情况. 结果表明,DMS(dimethylsulfide,甲硫醚)、DMTS(dimethyltrisulfide,二甲基三硫醚)、β-cyclocitral(β-环柠檬醛)、MIB(2-methylisoborneol,二甲基异冰片)和GSM(geosmin,土嗅素)在全湖广泛存在,其最高质量浓度分别达到500.80、28.80、21.84、14.50和22.40 ng/L. 结合与藻类生物量的相关分析发现,直链藻、冠盘藻等硅藻可能是洞庭湖中DMS、DMTS和β-cyclocitral的重要来源,湖区土壤、沉积物中的微生物和死亡分解的藻类是MIB和GSM主要来源. 洞庭湖水体绝大部分处于中营养水平,其中东洞庭湖TLI(综合营养状态指数,为48.3)最高,南洞庭湖(为47.3)其次,西洞庭湖(为42.7)最低. 异味物质含量和水质的相关分析发现,异味物质质量浓度与TLI、水温、pH、ρ(DO)、ρ(TN)和ρ(COD_Mn)显著相关,说明水质对异味物质含量有重要影响.      

冶炼厂粗铅生产线废气治理技术研究

文章从治理工艺、主要设备、设计指标、工程运行监测结果及经济指标等方面,介绍了某冶炼厂采用除尘、SO2烟气制酸及脱硫工艺治理烧结机-鼓风炉粗铅生产线产生的废气,从实际监测结果可知该工程运行稳定,废气中的各项污染物排放浓度均符合排放标准的要求,处理效果分别达到《工业炉窑大气污染物排放标准》(GB9078-1996)二级标准和《大气污染物综合排放标准》(GB16297-1996)周界外废气无组织排放限值的要求.     

乌梁素海富营养化状态的模糊模式识别研究

本文利用模糊模式识别交叉迭代模型对分布于乌梁素海各水功能区的21个水质监测点,2009年5月～10月的富营养化等级进行了模糊模式识别研究;并利用Arcview的空间分析功能,绘制富营养化等级识别结果的空间分布月变化Grid图。将富营养化状态识别结果及其分布区域与乌梁素海同期水质监测指标浓度变化及其分布区域进行对比分析及验证。识别结果与实际水质状况相符,验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于二阶矩法的钢筋混凝土连续梁可靠度分析

根据结构可靠性理论,运用应力-强度干涉模型,考虑随机参数服从正态分布情况下的影响,构建连续梁在强度失效模式下的可靠性模型,应用二阶矩法通过数值分析计算结构的可靠指标,得出了结构的可靠度。为使所建立的模型符合钢筋混凝土结构的具体受力特点,荷载效应计算中考虑了钢筋混凝土结构的内力重分布,承载能力计算中参考了《混凝土结构设计规范》(GB50010-2002)给出的近似计算公式,得到了多维非线性的极限状态方程。通过实例对模型和可靠度方法进行了验证,计算分析表明,本文所建立的可靠性模型揭示了钢筋混凝土连续梁在各种随机因素作用下强度失效的规律,为钢筋混凝土连续梁的可靠性分析提供了依据。此外,本文提供的构件可靠度计算思路也可为其他各类钢筋混凝土构件的可靠度分析提供参考。     

洗毛废水的原水浓度对絮凝效果的影响

对ＰＡＣ、ＰＡＭ复合使用于洗毛废水时原水浓度与投药量关系进行了小试和中试。实验表明，ＰＡＣ与废水形成２０～３０μｍ的小絮粒，ＰＡＭ连接小絮粒形成矾花。以原水ＣＯＤ１００００ｍｇ／Ｌ为界，呈自由絮凝和拥挤絮凝两种状态。在自由絮凝时，原水ＣＯＤ：ＰＡＣ：ＰＡＭ呈７５：１：００１３，ＣＯＤ、ＳＳ去除率分别达８５％，９５％以上。拥挤絮凝时ＰＡＣ、ＰＡＭ的投量激剧增加。建议洗毛废水在自由絮凝状态下处理。     

我国城市污水处理技术剖析及对策研究

以我国近10年城市污水处理情况为基础,并参照国外情况,对排污系统建设、废水治理设施以及污水处理效果等方面的多项技术指标逐一进行了剖析,定量地分析评价了我国废水处理技术状况,并提出相应的对策建议,以求为提高我国的污水处理总体水平提供技术参考.