污泥过热蒸汽干燥单因素试验

为了研究污泥常压过热蒸汽干燥过程中各干燥因素对干燥性能指标的影响规律,研制了一套污泥常压过热蒸汽干燥试验装置。利用研制的过热蒸汽干燥试验装置进行了不同温度、污泥质量和蒸汽流量的干燥试验。试验结果表明:蒸汽温度在180~260℃,污泥质量在6~30 g,蒸汽流量在18~40 m~3/h时,随着过热蒸汽温度升高、蒸汽流量增大,相对单位能耗值均是先减小后增大,平均干燥强度一直增大;随着污泥质量增大,相对单位能耗是先减小后增大,平均干燥强度一直减小。     

厂矿企业大宗原、燃料卸车机械安全改造技术

厂矿企业卸车机械长期运行,存在设备老化、检修频繁的现象.通过对卸车机械存在安全隐患的分析,论述了机械系统的行走机构、挖掘机构、钢结构框架、皮带输送机构、操作室和电气系统的供电电源、大车行走电机回路、卷扬电机等部件的安全改造技术.     

Simulation Study of a PEM Fuel Cell System with Steam Reforming

Abstract

This article summarizes the results of a study for a 100 kWe DC electrical power PEM fuel cell system. The system consists of a pre-steam reformer, a steam reformer, high and low temperature shift reactors, a preferential oxidation reactor, a PEM fuel cell, a combustor, and an expander. Acceptable net electrical efficiency levels can be achieved via intensive heat integration within the PEM fuel cell system. The calculations take into account the auxiliary equipment such as pumps, com pressors, heaters, coolers, heat exchangers and pipes. The process simulation package “Aspen-HYSYS 3.1’’ has been used. The operation parameters of the reactors have been determined considering all the technical limitations involved. A gasoline type hydrocarbon fuel has been studied as hydrogen rich gas source. Thermal efficiencies have been calculated for all of the major system components for selected operation conditions. The fuel cell stack efficiency has been calculated as a function of cell numbers (500, 750, 1000, and 1250 cells). Efficiencies of all of the major system components along with auxiliary unit efficiencies determine the net electrical efficiency of the PEM fuel cell system. The obtained net electrical efficiency levels are between 34 (500 cells) to 41% (1250 cells).     

石化企业污水生化处理改造措施分析

随着各炼油厂加工深度和加工能力的日益提高,排放的污水水量不断增加,水质不断恶化,原有的“老三套”中的曝气装置已无法满足生产需要。为此,不少炼油厂都针对各自的具体情况,对生化系统进行了技术改造,主要措施有：淘汰现有表曝池,改造现有表曝池,向表曝池中投加多孔物质或硝化反应与反硝化菌,增建生化预处理设施及将一级生化处理改为二级生化处理等。     

CHANGING THE APPROPRIATION DOCTRINE UNDER THE MODEL STATE WATER CODE1

ABSTRACT: The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Model State Water Code provides suggested statutory language and commentary helpful in guiding western water law reform. Departing from the past preference for stream diversions and consumptive uses, the code is sensitive to the public's interest in maintaining environmental quality. The traditional doctrine protected inefficient uses and in some states hampered transfers. The model code addresses these issues as well as advocating integrated manage. meat and water resource planning. The debate on how to reform water law has already started, and the model code provides material useful in the reform process. Even with the current draft code, a few gaps exist for later resolution.     

机械压力机闭合高度改造

制定了压力机改造方案:对设备闭合高度进行改造,使压力机与模具匹配,以提高设备利用率、冲压件生产效率及冲压件质量,降低冲压件外协生产成本。对立柱垫块及拉紧螺栓进行了校核分析。实践证明,改造是成功的。     

氧化锆生产废水处理工艺

以调节沉淀-汽提处理技术作为氧化锆生产废水的处理工艺,对主要构筑物做出工艺设计,运行结果表明该工艺具有出水水质稳定、处理效率高、流程简洁、操作简便等特点.是处理含高浓度氨氮、可生化性差的工业废水的一种适用技术.     

钼酸铵的清洁生产工艺

以酸-盐预处理-离子交换组合工艺替代传统工艺,提出了氧化钼、氨生产钼酸铵清洁生产工艺.该工艺采用液、渣双循环代替液单循环,以电锅炉替换燃煤锅炉.含氨废气采用酸性生产废水吸收,产生的高浓度含氨废液进行汽提处理,分离出的氨回用于生产,废液和含氨废气处理后均达标排放,基本实现了钼酸铵的清洁生产.采用该清洁生产工艺生产钼酸铵,...     

Woody biomass and RPF gasification using reforming catalyst and calcium oxide

This study focused on steam gasification and reforming of waste biomass using a reforming catalyst. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the durability of a commercial Ni reforming catalyst and the effect of CaO on the reforming behavior, and to clarify detailed factors of catalytic performance, as well as the effect of operating parameters on the characteristics of produced gas composition. Moreover, catalyst regeneration was carried out and the behavior of catalytic activity based on gas composition was investigated. Using a fluidized bed gasifier and a fixed bed reformer, gasification and reforming of waste biomass were carried out. Commercial Ni-based catalyst and calcined limestone (CaO) were applied to the reforming reaction. Temperature of the gasifier and reformer was almost 1023 K. Ratio of steam to carbon in the feedstock [mol mol⁻¹] and equivalence ratio (i.e., ratio of actual to theoretical amount of oxygen) [-] were set at about 2 and 0.3, respectively. The feed rate of the feedstock into the bench-scale gasifier was almost 15 kg h⁻¹. The results of waste biomass gasification confirmed the improvement in H₂ composition by the CO₂ absorption reaction using the reforming catalyst and CaO. In addition, CaO proved to be especially effective in decreasing the tar concentration in the case of woody biomass gasification. Catalytic activity was maintained by means of catalyst regeneration processing by hydrogen reduction after air oxidation when woody biomass was used as feedstock.     

汽爆秸秆高温固态发酵沼气的研究

沼气液态深层发酵及秸秆的物理、化学和生物预处理方式存在效率低、污染重等问题。为了解决这些问题,对蒸汽爆破预处理方式以及固态发酵在玉米秸秆沼气化中的应用进行了研究。秸秆经过蒸汽爆破预处理后,在50℃的高温条件下进行固态发酵沼气,甲烷产量达到138.2 mL/g TS。通过单因素实验优化,确定最佳发酵条件为：固液比1∶7,初始pH值7.5,接种量35%,NH₄HCO₃添加量0.04 g/g干汽爆秸秆,纤维素酶用量30 IU/g干汽爆秸秆,发酵温度50℃。在上述实验条件下,汽爆秸秆的甲烷产量提高至153.0 mL/g TS,是未汽爆秸秆的2.9倍。发酵后秸秆纤维素和半纤维素的降解率分别为59.86%和67.22%。因此,蒸汽爆破预处理有助于提高秸秆的产气量和降解率。高温固态发酵不仅可以缩短发酵延迟期,提高产气效率,而且发酵结束后不会产生大量废液,对环境友好。