基于不同树干高度树轮宽度的历史气候重建潜力研究

本研究利用新疆伊犁地区雪岭云杉不同树干高度树轮样本建立树轮宽度年表,并尝试使用该年表进行历史气候重建。相关分析表明,10 m树干高度树轮年表与当年6—7月平均最低气温相关显著,相关系数可达0.585（P＜0.001）。利用10 m树干高度树轮标准化年表建立了研究区1841—2014年当年6—7月平均最低气温,重建方程稳定可靠。分析表明,重建序列出现了5个偏冷阶段和4个偏暖阶段。其中,1938—1965年和1866—1912年分别是持续时间最长的偏冷和偏暖阶段。重建序列存在2.11 a、2.99—3.10 a、5.09 a、5.47 a、8.08 a、68.03 a的显著周期（P＜0.05）。该重建序列的建立进一步证明了利用不同树干高度树轮年表开展气候重建的可能性。在野外采样环境允许的情况下,可以将树干更高处树轮样本纳入采样范围。     

Adsorptive removal of As(III) and As(V) from water and wastewaters using an anion exchanger derived from polymer-grafted banana stem

In this study, the adsorption characteristics of As(III) and As(V) from water and wastewater using polyacrylamide-grafted banana stem with quaternary ammonium functionality (PGBS-AE) were investigated. Infrared spectroscopic, and thermogravimetric analyses were performed to affirm the polymer grafting, functionality, morphology, and thermal stability. Batch experiments were carried out to understand the effect of contact time, concentration, pH, adsorbent dose, and temperature of the solution for the adsorption of As(III) and As(V) onto PGBS-AE. Equilibrium was achieved within 1 h and the optimum pH was found to be 9.0 and 3.0 for As(III) and As(V), respectively. Isotherm studies showed that the Langmuir equation fits best. Maximum adsorption capacities of 50 and 5.5?g?kg^?1 were obtained for As(III) and As(V) at 30°C. The endothermic nature of adsorption was evident as the adsorption efficiency increased with temperature. The thermodynamic parameters were evaluated to explain the feasibility of adsorption and to predict the nature of adsorption. The competence of the adsorbent for practical purposes was also analyzed by treating with a fertilizer industry effluent sample. Studies pertaining to adsorbent regeneration and readsorption of As(III) and As(V) were carried out for four consecutive cycles.     

Impact of a shock wave on a structure on explosion at altitude

The number of explosive attacks on civilian buildings has recently increased and the pattern of damage inflicted on structures when an explosion takes place at altitude remains quite difficult to predict. The primary aim of the work reported here was to enhance the understanding of how blast waves from an explosion at altitude interact with the ground and with a structure. Small-scale experiments were conducted using a propane–oxygen stoichiometric mixture as explosive. This approach is original because it models high-explosive detonation in terms of gaseous charge explosion using TNT equivalents. Several non-dimensional laws are expressed and validated by experiments. These relationships allow determination of the propagation of a blast wave and its interaction with a structure as a function of the position of the explosive charge when the explosion occurs at altitude. Then, from knowledge of the blast loading, using Hopkinson's scaling law and TNT equivalents, we can predict the interaction of blast waves with the ground and a structure on a real scale. Simulations were performed using the Autodyn code, and good correlation with the experimental results was obtained.     

苯并[a]芘和1-羟基芘诱导人胚胎干细胞分化心肌细胞ROS、CYP基因表达和DNA损伤

多环芳烃(PAHs)化合物中的苯并[a]芘和PAHs暴露检测标志物1-羟基芘与心脏功能障碍有关,但其生物学机制尚不清楚。为研究苯并[a]芘和1-羟基芘对心脏的毒性作用,基于人胚胎干细胞分化心肌细胞(hESC-CM)研究了苯并[a]芘和1-羟基芘对心肌细胞活性氧(ROS)生成、CYP基因表达和DNA损伤等的影响。结果表明,苯并[a]芘和1-羟基芘对h ESC-CM活性无影响,但能显著增强细胞ROS水平,诱导DNA损伤。此外,苯并[a]芘还能诱导细胞线粒体促凋亡基因的表达。研究表明,苯并[a]芘和1-羟基芘能通过诱导氧化应激和DNA损伤事件导致h ESC-CM损伤,在一定程度上解释了多环芳烃暴露导致心脏疾病的分子机制。     

种茎和播期对甘松出苗的影响

为了对甘松的人工种植提供科学依据,选择不同规格的种茎、不同播期试验,采用单因素随机设计、出苗后定期调查出苗数和抽样测定株高的方法进行了测定。结果表明,种茎和播期对出苗率、苗子长势有显著影响,长8—10cm的种茎、5月栽种有利于甘松出苗。首次报道了甘松人工种植技术研究结果。     

Effects of used lubricating oil on two mangroves Aegiceras corniculatum and Avicennia marina

An outdoor experiment was set up to investigate the effects of used lubricating oil(5 L/m~2)on Aegiceras corniculatum Blanco. and Avicennia marina(Forsk)Vierh.,two salt-excreting mangroves.A.marina was more sensitive to used lubricating oil than A. corniculatum and canopy-oiling resulted in more direct physical damage and stronger lethal effects than base-oiling.When treated with canopy-oiling,half of A.corniculatum plants survived for the whole treatment time(90 d);but,for A.marina,high mortality (83%)resulted from canopy-oiling within 3 weeks and no plants survived for 80 d.Base-oiling had no lethal effects on A.corniculatum plants even at the termination of this experiment,but 83% of A.marina plants died 80 d after treatment.Forty days after canopy- oiling,93% ofA.corniculatum leaves fell and no live leaves remained on A.marina plants.By the end of the experiment,base-oiling treatment resulted in about 45% ofA.corniculatum leaves falling,while all A.marina leaves and buds were burned to die.Lubricating oil resulted in physiological damage to A.corniculatum leaves,including decreases in chlorophyll and carotenoid contents,nitrate reductase,peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities,and increases in malonaldehyde contents.For both species,oil pollution significantly reduced leaf,root,and total biomass,but did not significantly affect stem biomass.Oil pollution resulted in damage to the xylem vessels of fine roots but not to those of mediate roots.     

微碱性土壤施用烟秆生物炭与磷酸盐降低小麦籽粒镉积累

为探究烟秆生物炭（TSB）和磷酸氢二铵（DHP）对微碱性土壤镉（Cd）迁移转化机制,通过盆栽试验调查了其施用对土壤pH、有效态Cd、Cd赋存形态和小麦Cd积累的影响.结果表明：① TSB和DHP显著降低了土壤有效态Cd含量,10.12 t·hm^-2TSB可降低微碱性土壤（pH 7.8）有效态Cd含量的44%.② TSB和DHP显著改变了土壤Cd的赋存形态,6.75 t·hm^-2和10.12 t·hm^-2TSB分别降低可交换态Cd含量的48%和42%,分别增加铁锰氧化物结合态Cd和有机结合态Cd含量的47%~67%和22%~38%.所有处理均增加了残渣态Cd含量,以TSB和DHP配施增幅最大,为115%~217%.③ TSB和DHP显著降低小麦根系、叶片、叶鞘、茎秆、颖壳和籽粒Cd含量.10.12 t·hm^-2 TSB小麦籽粒Cd含量降低56%,产量不受影响.10.12 t·hm^-2TSB和DHP配施小麦可增产32%,籽粒Cd含量降低53%.结果说明在微碱性土壤上施用TSB和DHP可促进土壤Cd的形态转化,降低土壤Cd的生物有效性,降低小麦籽粒Cd积累.     

长江干线船舶防污工作的现状、存在的问题及对策

论述了长江干线船舶污染危害以及有关方面为防止船舶污染已采取的措施，指出了在长江干线船舶防污工作中还存在的问题，并提出了解决问题的建议。     

废弃烟草资源化利用研究进展

我国是烟草生产大国,每年相应产生大量废弃烟草。通过萃取法可从废弃烟叶中提取烟碱,提取的烟碱具有杀虫及治疗疾病的功效;烟梗、烟末废料经粉碎加工之后可制成烟草薄片;废弃烟杆经炭化活化后能制成活性炭,还可制成纤维板等;废弃烟草经生物技术处理后可制得乙醇和有机肥等。本文结合国内外相关研究资料,对废弃烟草的利用进行了综述及展望。