BACTERIAL RELATIONSHIPS IN STORMWATERS1

ABSTRACT: Data were developed within a three-year period for indicator bacteria and three species of bacterial pathogens following rural storm event hydrographs. The first flush concept was confirmed in all hydrographs. Bacterial density peaking occurred at or before the hydrograph peaks. FC and FS values were higher in more developed areas than the primary rural test site and their numerical ratios followed similar trends. Chlorine demand of storm waters varied between 8 and 16 mg/l and, the ozone requirement was greater than 32 mg/l in the same waters. Aftergrowth of total coliform bacteria occurred following chlorine and ozone doses of 16 mg/l and 32 mg/l respectively. Fecal coliform, fecal streptococci, Salmonella sp., and Pseudomonas sp. all were reduced to near detectable limits by the disinfectants up to 8 days. Staphylococcus sp. demonstrated a propensity to restablish their populations. Multiple regression analysis of the bacterial groups and species in storm waters suggested the fecal streptococci to have been the most useful group in evaluating bacterial storm water quality, with staphylocci have been closely related insofar as their statistical significance was concerned.     

ISOLATING THE RANDOM RAMSTORM COMPONENT FROM BASIN RESPONSE FACTORS IN RAINFALLRUNOFF DATA1

ABSTRACT: Gaged watersheds can provide information as to geomorphic, and geologic influence on the spatial variability of rainfall-runoff relationships. However, correlations between raingages distributed throughout the basin, and stream discharge are influenced by both storm patterns and drainage basin characteristics. Factor analysis has been applied to rainfall-runoff relationship to isolate the storm pattern from a basin response factor. Comparing two periods of time separated by eight years reveals relative stability in the rainfall attenuation (basin response) factor, while storm patterns for the two periods of record are quite disparate.     

Recycling and recovery routes for incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA): A review

The drivers for increasing incineration of sewage sludge and the characteristics of the resulting incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA) are reviewed. It is estimated that approximately 1.7 million tonnes of ISSA are produced annually world-wide and is likely to increase in the future. Although most ISSA is currently landfilled, various options have been investigated that allow recycling and beneficial resource recovery. These include the use of ISSA as a substitute for clay in sintered bricks, tiles and pavers, and as a raw material for the manufacture of lightweight aggregate. ISSA has also been used to form high density glass–ceramics. Significant research has investigated the potential use of ISSA in blended cements for use in mortars and concrete, and as a raw material for the production of Portland cement. However, all these applications represent a loss of the valuable phosphate content in ISSA, which is typically comparable to that of a low grade phosphate ore. ISSA has significant potential to be used as a secondary source of phosphate for the production of fertilisers and phosphoric acid. Resource efficient approaches to recycling will increasingly require phosphate recovery from ISSA, with the remaining residual fraction also considered a useful material, and therefore further research is required in this area.     

苏南地区CO2本底浓度及源汇特征

基于2015~2018年苏州张家港站CO₂在线观测数据，采用时序检查、选取稳定性数据、异常值剔除等质量控制方法获得可靠数据，并通过平均移动过滤（MAF）本底筛分法获得本底数据，讨论苏南地区CO₂变化特征.结果发现：CO₂本底浓度日变化为单峰结构，谷值和峰值分别出现在下午15：00和凌晨5：00前后；季节变化为双峰结构，峰值分别出现在12月和4月；日、季节变化的分布特征均与陆地生态系统、气象条件和人类活动有关.此外，2015~2018年CO₂浓度呈逐年上升趋势，抬升浓度占比逐年增加，吸收浓度占比波动较小，表明人类活动对CO₂浓度的影响正在逐年增加；而陆地生态系统对CO₂吸收汇的作用则相对稳定.源汇分析显示，CO₂抬升浓度随季节小幅波动；吸收浓度则夏半年较低，冬半年较高；抬升浓度日变化为单峰结构，谷值和峰值分别出现在15：00和8：00前后，早晨正值上班高峰，机动车排放可能为早晨峰值的主要因素；吸收浓度日间低、夜间高，这主要与植物光合作用及对流输送有关.分析CO₂浓度与风的关系发现，所有季节静风情况下，CO₂浓度偏高均最为明显，大部分方向CO₂浓度高低与风速大小有明显的负相关，其中S~WNW方向偏高最为明显，这可能是因为SW~NW方向主要为内陆城市群，且测站周边建筑区主要位于W~N方向，弱风有利于本地排放累积的结果.此外，WNW方向风速较大时浓度仍偏高明显，可能与测站W~N方向为建筑区及内陆城市群有关；而测站偏东方向主要为农田和林区，受人类活动影响较小，且海上气流较为洁净，故偏东风较弱时浓度也不高；说明了CO₂浓度除了与风速大小有关外，与周边下垫面类型及较远距离环境特征（城市群或海洋）也有一定的关系.     

Insights into multisource sludge distributed in the Yangtze River basin, China: Characteristics, correlation, treatment and disposal

Sludge is the by-product of wastewater treatment process. Multisource sludge can be defined as sludge from different sources. Based on the sludge properties of five typical cities in the Yangtze River basin, including Jiujiang, Wuhu, Lu'an, Zhenjiang and Wuhan, this study investigated and summarized the characteristic variations and distribution differences of multiple indicators and substances from municipal sludge, dredged sludge, and river and lake sediments. The results demonstrated pH of multisource sludge was relatively stable in the neutral range. Organic matter and water content among municipal sludge were high and varied considerably between different wastewater treatment plants. Dredged sludge had an obviously higher sand content and wider particle distribution, which could be considered for graded utilization depending on its size. The nutrients composition of river and lake sediments was usually stable and special, with lower nitrogen and phosphorus content but higher potassium levels. The sources of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants in multisource sludge were correlated, generally much higher among municipal sludge than dredged sludge and river and lake sediments, which were the most important limitation for final land utilization. Despite various properties of multisource sludge, the final fate and destination have some overall similarities, which need to be supplemented and improved by standards and laws. The study provided a preliminary analysis of suitable technical routes for municipal sludge, dredged sludge, river and lake sediments based on their different characteristics respectively, which was of great significance for multisource sludge co-treatment and disposal in the future of China.     

Flame behaviors and pressure characteristics of vented dust explosions at elevated static activation overpressures

Dust explosion venting experiments were performed using a 20-L spherical chamber at elevated static activation overpressures larger than 1 bar. Lycopodium dust samples with mean diameter of 70 μm and electric igniters with 0.5 KJ ignition energy were used in the experiments. Explosion overpressures in the chamber and flame appearances near the vent were recorded simultaneously. The results indicated that the flame appeared as the under-expanded free jet with shock diamonds, when the overpressure in the chamber was larger than the critical pressure during the venting process. The flame appeared as the normal constant-pressure combustion when the pressure venting process finished. Three types of venting processes were concluded in the experiments: no secondary flame and no secondary explosion, secondary flame, secondary explosion. The occurrence of the secondary explosions near the vent was related to the vent diameter and the static activation overpressure. Larger diameters and lower static activation overpressures were beneficial to the occurrence of the secondary explosions. In current experiments, the secondary explosions only occurred at the following combinations of the vent diameter and the static activation overpressure: 40 mm and 1.2 bar, 60 mm and 1.2 bar, 60 mm and 1.8 bar.     

贵州织金蒙家大坡地下水水化学特征分析

通过对贵州织金蒙家大坡地下水水化学指标进行分析。结果表明,研究区地下水Ca2+受环境影响最小、空间变异性最小,Na+受环境影响最大、空间变异性最大;各阴阳离子含量与TDS含量呈显著正相关关系,其相关性依次为:Ca2+SO2-4Mg2+Cl-HCO-3K+Na+;TDS含量的增加主要受SO2-4离子的影响,总硬度的变化主要受Ca2+的影响;地下水成分主要来自于碳酸盐矿物的溶解,其次是硫酸盐、含硫矿物、硅酸盐矿物以及盐岩的溶解,地下水类型主要向SO4·HCO3-Ca型和HCO3·SO4-Ca型转化。     

露天矿山岩质边坡台阶的平台宽度优化

矿山发生局部破坏的边界条件主要是由台阶的几何特征所决定,台阶边坡几何特征主要有台阶坡面角、台阶高度、台阶的平台宽度和台阶组合4要素。在对整体边坡角优化的同时,同样需要对台阶的宽度进行优化。通过分析台阶边坡特征,计算出不同规模破坏的边界条件,进而对矿山台阶的宽度进行优化。通过对一个矿山边坡算例的优化分析,在不改变整体边坡角的前提下,对台阶宽度进行优化,可以避免某些大规模的台阶破坏可能,提高矿山边坡的稳定性。     

基于数值模拟的公交车火灾发展过程及特性研究

采用数值模拟方法研究典型型号公交车的火灾发展过程,探讨车门打开对火情发展和人员逃生的影响.通过描述火源、公交车的结构及其内饰物的属性,研究车厢内关键位置的温度分布、能见度及CO和O2体积分数的变化规律,以揭示公交车的火灾发展、烟气运动过程及对人员安全逃生的影响.结果表明:车门打开后由于供氧充足,明显加速了火势的蔓延和烟气扩散,并使得燃烧温度显著提高;打开车门后20 s内,车门附近能见度和O2体积分数显著增高,CO体积分数有所降低,是乘客逃生的关键时间.