Loss coefficient of nitrogenous non-point source pollution under various precipitation conditions

In this study, calibrations of non-point source (NPS) pollution models are performed based on Black River basin historical real-time runoff data, sedimentation record data, and NPS sources survey information. The concept of NPS loss coefficient for the watershed or the loss coefficients (LC) for simplicity is brought up by examining NPS build-up and migration processes along riverbanks in natural river systems. The historical data is used for determining the nitrogenous NPS loss coefficient for five land use types including farmland, urban land, grassland, shrub land, and forest under different precipitation conditions. The comparison of outputs from Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model and coefficient export method showed that both methods could obtain reasonable LC. The high Pearson correlation coefficient (0.94722) between those two sets of calculation results justified the consistency of those two models. Another result in the study is that different combinations of precipitation condition and land use types could significantly affect the calculated loss coefficient. As for the adsorptive nitrogen, the order of impact on LC for different land use types can be sorted as: farm land > urban land > grassland > shrub land > forest while the order was farmland > grass land > shrub land > forest s>urban land for soluble nitrogen. __________ Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2006, 26(3): 392–397 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

略论耕地库兹涅茨曲线在我国的适用性

耕地流失是经济发展过程中的一个重要问题,对耕地流失与经济增长的库兹涅茨曲线假说进行分析,以说明耕地库兹涅茨曲线的适用性。选取上海、浙江、江苏、海南、宁夏、河北、河南7省市作为研究区域,根据近20多年来的耕地流失面积与人均GDP统计数据以及产业结构变动情况,结合部分国内学者的研究结果,对耕地库兹涅茨曲线假说进行了验证。研究结果表明,虽然有部分省市符合耕地流失与经济增长的倒U型规律,但是耕地库兹涅茨曲线假说并不具有普遍性。不同的地区、不同的经济发展阶段,耕地流失面积变化具有不同的特点,应该严格保护耕地,控制经济增长的速度,注重提高经济增长的质量与效益,完善耕地保护的政策措施,促进国民经济持续、稳定、健康发展。〖     

抚仙湖尖山河小流域山地典型地类非点源污染特征与分析

通过在尖山河小流域建立径流场.在自然降雨条件下采集水样,检测分析地表径流中各污染物的浓度,研究自然状态下和人为干扰下山地不同地类污染物的输出量,探讨高原湖泊山地非点源污染的特征与规律.研究结果表明:研究区内各地类产流量的关系是坡耕地>人工林>灌草丛>次生林,各地类产沙量大小关系是坡耕地>人工林>次生林>灌草丛,产流量与降雨量相关性更为显著;次生林、坡耕地、灌草丛、人工林4种土地类型产流的总无机氮输出量平均值分别为0.94 mg·m-2、19.70mg·m-2、1.74 mg·m-2、17.22 mg·m-2,总磷平均值分别为0.32mg·m-2、3.58 mg·m-2、1.12 mg·m-2、2.85 mg·m-2;产沙过程中单位面积水解氮输出量平均值为0.41 mg·m-2、7.17 mg·m-2、0.89 mg·m-2、0.23 mg·m-2,速效磷平均值为0.04 mg·m-2、1.14 mg·m-2、0.03 mg·m-2、0.02 mg·m-2;产流过程中输出的污染物大于产沙过程中的输出量,尖山河小流域农业非点源污染控制应以控制产流污染物为主.     

鄂尔多斯市1988-2000年土壤水力侵蚀与土地利用时空变化关系

土地利用是引起土壤侵蚀的重要驱动过程。基于1988年和2000年TM影像数据和气候、土壤、植被及DEM等数据,运用通用的土壤流失预报方程（RUSLE）,对鄂尔多斯市1988-2000年间的土壤水力侵蚀进行定量估算,揭示期间水力侵蚀的时空变化特点,并对土地利用类型与土壤侵蚀的关系进行分析。结果显示：1988-2000年间,研究区土壤水力侵蚀时空变化较为明显。时间变化上侵蚀强度明显减弱,除了微度侵蚀从53.16%剧增至81.24%以外,中度、强度、极强度和剧烈侵蚀类型均有较大幅度的下降;空间变化亦很明显,2000年与1988年相比,剧烈侵蚀只有准格尔旗东南部还有少量分布,强度侵蚀和极强度侵蚀主要分布在准格尔旗境内。土地利用方式对土壤侵蚀有明显的影响,高覆盖草地和水域的土壤侵蚀强度较小。此外,不同土地利用类型的平均土壤侵蚀模数和土壤强度指数均有大幅度的下降。其中未利用地的下降幅度最大（68.14%）,其次为低覆盖度草地（64.09%）,耕地的下降幅度最小（49.62%）。研究结果表明,鄂尔多斯土壤水力侵蚀治理的重点区域是东北部,改变土地利用方式,增加水土保持工程措施,加强采矿迹地的修复重建等是有效防治土壤水力侵蚀的重要措施。     

Characteristic of organic aerosol in a remote area of Okinawa Island

A continuous investigation of aerosol pollutants in Cape Hedo, Japan was conducted from October 2005 to August 2006 by Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS). This article focused on the analysis of long-range transport of organic aerosol from continental origin to the remote island. Based on the transport distance and air mass origin, four main air mass origins were considered, including North China, South China, Japan and Korea. Although the mass concentration and air mass origin were quite different during study period, the mass spectrum and size distribution of organic matter and oxidized organics were similar, which showed uni-modal distribution with modal diameter of around 500 nm. The loss rate of organics was (5.15 ± 0.55) × 10-⁶ s-¹ obtained by plotting the concentration against the transport time. Conversion rate of SO₂ to sulfate and oxidation rate of organics were (1.07 ± 0.15) × 10-⁵ and (1.09 ± 0.52) × 10-⁶s-¹, respectively.     

旱作农业土壤矿质态氮随地表径流迁移特征研究

为了了解旱作农业土壤中氮素随地表径流的流失水平及规律,于野外夏玉米试验田中进行了模拟降雨与自然降雨条件下的对比试验,并通过对水量和水质的同步监测,研究了不同施肥水平下氮素的流失效应.其中,模拟降雨采用的两个降雨强度分别为40和70mm.h-1,3个尿素施肥水平分别为287、431和575kg.hm-2(以N计),每次自然降雨的试验小区布置相同.试验期间,共有20次降雨事件(包括模拟降雨),其中,4次降雨过程中产生了地表径流并有氮素流失.结果表明,次降雨径流过程中硝态氮流失浓度先迅速增大后逐步降低,而铵态氮流失浓度变化平稳,且流失浓度较低.次降雨间氮素流失平均浓度相差较大,尤其体现在硝态氮浓度上更为明显.此外,研究发现,次降雨径流过程地表氮素流失初期效应明显,且受降雨强度影响显著.通过氮素流失水平的计算发现,研究区大于25mm的降雨类型会有明显的地表径流产生及氮素流失.     

Probability mass first flush evaluation for combined sewer discharges

The Korea government has put in a lot of e ort to construct sanitation facilities for controlling non-point source pollution. The first flush phenomenon is a prime example of such pollution. However, to date, several serious problems have arisen in the operation and treatment e ectiveness of these facilities due to unsuitable design flow volumes and pollution loads. It is di cult to assess the optimal flow volume and pollution mass when considering both monetary and temporal limitations. The objective of this article was to characterize the discharge of storm runo pollution from urban catchments in Korea and to estimate the probability of mass first flush (MFFn) using the storm water management model and probability density functions. As a result of the review of gauged storms for the representative using probability density function with rainfall volumes during the last two years, all the gauged storms were found to be valid representative precipitation. Both the observed MFFn and probability MFFn in BE-1 denoted similarly large magnitudes of first flush with roughly 40% of the total pollution mass contained in the first 20% of the runo . In the case of BE-2, however, there were significant di erence between the observed MFFn and probability MFFn.     

基于浓度-价值损失率法的青岛海域水污染价值损失研究

水体污染是当前环境污染的一个重要方面,有效评价海洋水污染的价值损失是海洋环境规划、制定海洋环境保护对策与政策的基础.文章运用浓度-价值损失率法,估算了2002～2005年青岛海域水污染价值损失.得出青岛海域损失价值在2005年最高(82328.4万元),损失率为0.97%;2004年损失率最低(0.61%),损失价值为42853.2万元.可见,随着当地经济水平的提高和青岛旅游景点的开发,海域环境质量的损害程度也进一步增加,导致青岛海域环境质量损失逐年增大.     

南京至安庆铁路铜陵至池州段水土保持预测分析

水土流失是开发建设项目活动中对环境产生较常见的负面影响。文章采用类比法对南京至安庆铁路铜陵至池州段的铁路建设过程中产生的水土流失量进行预测。结果表明,铜陵至池州段铁路建设过程中扰动原地貌面积363．62hm^2,土石方总量631．18×10^4 m^3。施工期和自然恢复期造成水土流失量74688t。并针对水土流失产生的危害提出了有针对性的防治措施。     

自然曝晒与加速老化试验下航空涂层失光率的当量关系研究

目的研究航空涂层失光率的当量加速关系。方法针对飞机结构涂覆的航空涂层光泽度失效问题,开展自然曝晒试验和实验室加速老化试验,基于失光率的失效标准,分析涂层老化行为规律。结果建立了飞机涂层自然曝晒条件与实验室加速条件下的当量加速关系。结论同类涂层试验件在自然曝晒试验与加速老化试验下的失光率变化趋势基本保持一致,得到的两类涂层试样的加速老化当量关系函数可为建立实验室加速老化试验和自然曝晒试验之间的当量加速关系提供一定参考。