气候变化及人类活动对地表径流改变的贡献率及其量化方法研究进展

地表径流的变化受气候变化和人类活动的双重驱动力作用,定量评估气候变化及人类活动对地表径流变化的影响对水资源管理具有重大意义。论文以水文循环过程为主线,分过程阐述气候变化及人类活动影响地表径流发生变化的机制机理,对各种量化二者对地表径流变化贡献率的方法进行比较,然后分析全球部分流域气候变化和人类活动对地表径流变化影响的差异。研究结果表明：1）气候变化和人类活动参与水文循环的各个过程之中,不同水文过程中气候变化和人类活动影响地表径流变化的途径不同;2）不同量化方法的适用范围和条件不同,不同方法对同一流域的研究结果可能不一致;3）全球不同流域间气候变化和人类活动对地表径流变化贡献率存在明显区域差异。现阶段,综合多种突变检验方法有利于提高识别地表径流突变点的准确率;消除干扰因素（如气象水文等数据选取、模型方法参数设置和方法本身不确定性）有利于提高同一流域不同量化方法评估结果的一致性;如何更好地耦合基于物理的水文模型方法和基于数学的经验统计方法来量化二者对地表径流变化的贡献率是未来研究的重点。     

我国东南典型侵蚀区坡地磷素流失机制模拟研究

为了研究侵蚀区坡地坡面径流和壤中流磷素流失特征,以浙江省湖州市安吉县花岗岩风化母质上发育的红壤为研究对象进行人工模拟降雨试验.结果表明,坡面径流和壤中流中的总磷流失浓度、总磷流失量均随着降雨强度的增大而增大,随着降雨强度的增大产流初期坡面冲刷效应显现;坡面径流总磷流失量所占每场降雨总磷流失量百分比分布在51%~92%;坡面径流总磷流失浓度在整个过程中波动幅度很大;坡面径流中总磷流失浓度在坡度25°下最高,壤中流中的总磷流失浓度在坡度8°下最高;坡度8°下坡面TP流失量最大,坡面总磷流失量受坡面径流量和雨强影响极显著(p0.01);壤中流总磷流失量较小,受雨强影响极显著(p0.01);磷素流失以坡面径流流失为主,壤中流流失为辅,磷素主要以颗粒态通过坡面径流流失,以溶解态通过壤中流流失.     

盐渍化条件下污灌区土壤重金属的释放特征

以受盐渍化和重金属双重胁迫的天津污灌区土壤为研究对象,通过径流实验和淋溶实验,探讨盐渍化土壤重金属的释放特征及对水质安全的影响.研究的盐分种类为污灌区土壤盐渍化进程中的主要盐分Na Cl,设置的盐度梯度为7个,添加质量分数为0(CK)~5%,污染土壤中Cd、Pb和Hg含量分别为2.21、234.1和0.601 mg·kg~(-1).结果表明,(1)不同盐度处理下产流所需时间为(51'25″±15″),盐度对径流产流时间影响不显著;(2)随着Na Cl盐度梯度的提高,土壤径流和淋溶液中Cd、Pb和Hg的累计释放量均显著上升.Cd累计释放量从CK的53.40μg·kg~(-1)(径流)和55.63μg·kg~(-1)(淋溶)分别提高到5%Na Cl盐度处理的122.56μg·kg~(-1)(径流)和135.79μg·kg~(-1)(淋溶),Pb的累计释放量从CK的168.30μg·kg~(-1)(径流)和94.44μg·kg~(-1)(淋溶)分别提高到5%Na Cl盐度处理的340.68μg·kg~(-1)(径流)和201.93μg·kg~(-1)(淋溶),Hg的累计释放量从CK的39.66μg·kg~(-1)(径流)和9.60μg·kg~(-1)(淋溶)分别提高到5%Na Cl处理的89.37μg·kg~(-1)(径流)和11.97μg·kg~(-1)(淋溶).同时,径流及淋溶液中可溶态重金属含量显著上升,颗粒态含量有所下降,其所占比例也显著下降.Cl-含量与重金属累计释放量之间关系可以用线性或对数模型拟合.(3)高盐度处理下径流和淋出液中Cd浓度超过地下水水质Ⅲ类标准,对环境及地下水存在一定威胁;径流和淋溶前期Pb浓度超过Ⅲ类标准;径流和淋溶过程中Hg浓度均超过Ⅲ类标准,风险较高.本研究结果表明高强度降雨强度下污染农田土壤重金属释放风险不可忽视.     

REEXAMINING BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR IMPROVING WATER QUALITY IN URBAN WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Municipalities will be implementing structural best management practices at increasing rates in their effort to comply with Phase II of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). However, there is evidence that structural best management practices (BMPs) by themselves may be insufficient to attain desired water quality standards. This paper reports on an analysis of the median removal efficiencies of structural BMPs and compares them to removal efficiencies estimated as being necessary to attain water quality standards in the Rouge River in Detroit, Michigan. Eight water quality parameters are reviewed using data collected from 1994 to 1999 in the Rouge River. Currently, five of the eight parameters in the Rouge River including bacteria, biochemical oxygen demand, and total suspended solids (TSS) exceed the required water quality standards. The reported analysis of structural BMP efficiencies reveals that structural BMPs appear capable of reducing only some of the pollutants of concern to acceptable levels.     

HYDROLOGIC SIMULATION OF THE LITTLE WASHITA RIVER EXPERIMENTAL WATERSHED USING SWAT1

ABSTRACT: Precipitation and streamflow data from three nested subwatersheds within the Little Washita River Experimental Watershed (LWREW) in southwestern Oklahoma were used to evaluate the capabilities of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to predict streamflow under varying climatic conditions. Eight years of precipitation and streamflow data were used to calibrate parameters in the model, and 15 years of data were used for model validation. SWAT was calibrated on the smallest and largest sub‐watersheds for a wetter than average period of record. The model was then validated on a third subwatershed for a range in climatic conditions that included dry, average, and wet periods. Calibration of the model involved a multistep approach. A preliminary calibration was conducted to estimate model parameters so that measured versus simulated yearly and monthly runoff were in agreement for the respective calibration periods. Model parameters were then fine tuned based on a visual inspection of daily hydrographs and flow frequency curves. Calibration on a daily basis resulted in higher baseflows and lower peak runoff rates than were obtained in the preliminary calibration. Test results show that once the model was calibrated for wet climatic conditions, it did a good job in predicting streamflow responses over wet, average, and dry climatic conditions selected for model validation. Monthly coefficients of efficiencies were 0.65, 0.86, and 0.45 for the dry, average, and wet validation periods, respectively. Results of this investigation indicate that once calibrated, SWAT is capable of providing adequate simulations for hydrologic investigations related to the impact of climate variations on water resources of the LWREW.     

沙尘暴成因及人文思考

沙尘暴是我国西北和华北地区经常发生的灾害性天气.沙尘暴对国民经济造成了巨大损失,制约了我国西部大开发战略的实施.在分析沙尘暴危害和成因的基础上,提出了重点从人口、法律制度和产业结构等方面治理沙尘暴.     

民勤地区大震、古地理和沙尘暴的关系

民勤地区是中国沙尘暴发生年频次最高的地区。本文讨论了干旱、地震、古湖泊和风线对民勤地区沙尘暴形成所产生的综合作用。强地震破坏了土壤颗粒的团聚性,古湖泊环境提供了沙土混杂的地表层,风线决定了沙尘暴的飞扬和运移。     

西安市城市主干道路面径流污染特征研究

在西安市城市主干道南二环路建立路面径流原位采样站,利用自制流量等比例采样装置,全程收集2009年3月~2010年2月的32场降雨产生的路面径流,测试径流SS、COD、溶解性COD、NH3-N、Pb、溶解性Pb、Zn和溶解性Zn的事件平均浓度(EMC),研究路面径流污染强度、污染物赋存状态、相关关系、浓度影响因素以及季节变化规律.结果表明,城市主干道路面径流污染物EMC变异大且污染严重,SS、COD、溶解性COD、NH3-N、Pb、Zn、溶解性Zn的EMC中值分别为1543,574,129,1.86,0.042,0.219,0.111mg/L,变异系数0.41~0.8,其中SS、COD的EMC中值远大于《污水综合排放标准》三级标准,是主要污染物.路面径流中Pb主要以颗粒态存在,而47.4%的Zn、25.1%的COD呈溶解态.径流中颗粒物是许多其他污染物的载体,COD、Pb、Zn均与SS在显著性水平0.01时显著相关,相关系数分别为0.845,0.807和0.903.表征降雨特征的各因子中,降雨量、最大降雨强度与污染物浓度呈负相关,降雨历时与除NH3-N之外的其他污染物呈负相关,相关性依次为降雨量>最大降雨强度>降雨历时,前期晴天时间与溶解性Zn和溶解性COD浓度正相关,但与其它污染指标不相关.方差分析结果表明,SS、COD和NH3-N浓度随季节明显变化,而溶解态COD、重金属Pb、Zn和溶解态Zn的浓度季节差异不大.     

An investigation of roof runoff during rain events at the Royal Military College of Canada and potential discharge to Lake Ontario

The Royal Military College of Canada, located on the north eastern shore of Lake Ontario, possesses an abundance of copper roofs and lacks surface water treatment prior to discharge into Lake Ontario. Rainwater, roof runoff and soil samples were collected and analyzed for copper and other parameters. Copper was consistently detected in runoff samples with average concentrations of 3200 2100 g/L. Multivariable linear regression analysis for a dependant copper runoff concentration yielded an adjusted R2 value of 0.611, based on an independent variable model using minimum temperature, maximum temperature, total precipitation, and wind speed. Lake water samples taken in the vicinity of storm water outfalls draining areas with copper roofs ranged from 2.0 to 40 g/L copper. Such data exceed the 2.0 g/L Canadian Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life as outlined by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME). Analysis of raw, filtered and digested forms suggested that the majority of copper present in runoff and lake water samples was in a dissolved form. The majority of soils taken in this study displayed copper concentrations below the 63 g/g CCME residential/parkland land use limits. These findings suggested that ion exchange processes between runoff water and soil do not occur to a sufficient extent to elevate copper levels in soil. It may therefore be concluded that the eventual fate of copper, which is not discharged via storm water outfalls, is lost to the water table and Lake Ontario through the sub-soil.     

城市降雨径流多环芳烃污染研究的进展与展望

多环芳烃(PAHs)是一类具有致癌毒性的持久性有机污染物。降雨径流是城市地区PAHs迁移的主要途径和流域水体PAHs污染的主要来源之一。城市降雨径流PAHs污染给水生态和人体健康带来显著的环境风险,具有重要的研究意义。本文着眼于污染过程机理、定量模拟方法和污染防治措施这三个主要方面,系统总结了国内外此领域最新的研究进展。文章还针对当前理论研究和指导实践方面的不足,提出对未来此领域研究的展望。