福建晚白垩世古土壤特征及其古环境意义

古土壤是重建古气候的重要手段,第四纪以前古土壤因受各种地质作用影响不易被识别.本研究以福建西部连城盆地晚白垩世红层 —— 冠豸山剖面为研究对象,通过野外观察、土壤微结构和地球化学元素迁移等方法识别和获得古土壤发育特征,并分析古土壤形成环境.冠豸山剖面共有10个薄层古土壤,主要为新成土和始成土两种类型,土壤发育较弱,没有明显的黏化层和钙结核层.沉积物颗粒和稀土元素分布特征显示剖面中含有一定的风积组分,风积物经短暂流水搬运再次沉积,形成沉积层理.红色碎屑颗粒在沉积之前已经历相当程度的风化,沉积后在干旱环境下成壤较弱,因此,对其古气候或古环境的认识需依据古土壤发育特征,这为研究类似红层提供了新的思路.     

高炉旋流除尘器煤气泄漏火灾爆炸安全分析

高炉旋流除尘器在检修时,打开顶部眼镜阀,煤气可能外泄.分析了高炉煤气的性质、特点.距离眼镜阀40 m处的煤气放散塔对除尘器的安全使用影响极大.     

Development of an empirical equation for the transverse dispersion coefficient in natural streams

In this study, a new empirical equation for the transverse dispersion coefficient has been developed based on the hydraulic and geometric parameters in natural streams using a regression technique. First, a total of 32 data sets in 16 streams were collected. Among those sets, 16 sets were used for deriving the new equation, and the other 16 sets were used for verifying the equation. Then, through dimensional analysis, it was found that the normalized transverse dispersion coefficient is associated with several parameters such as sinuosity, aspect ratio, and a friction term. The robust least square method was applied to estimate regression coefficients. The newly proposed equation was proven to be superior in explaining the dispersion characteristics of natural streams more precisely compared to the existing equations.     

长江上游农业源溪流雨季中N2O间接排放特征

农业源溪流与农田生态系统有着紧密的水文连接,其会随着农业非点源氮(N)污染的加剧而成为重要的N汇和氧化亚氮(N_2O)间接排放源.本研究采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法于2015年6~9月(所研究区域的雨季)原位测定了长江上游紫色土丘陵区农业源溪流的N_2O间接排放通量.结果表明,农业源溪流雨季中N_2O平均排放通量为12. 8μg·(m~2·h)~(-1),接近其所在区域内同季节农田的N_2O直接排放水平,是重要的农业N_2O间接排放源.该农业源溪流中N_2O间接排放系数值(EF5r=0. 01%)远低于IPCC的建议值(0. 25%)和重新计算的全球平均值(0. 20%),然而,全球EF5r的现有数据量仍十分有限、且有较大的空间差异,应加强对此类N_2O间接排放的研究,从而进一步修正EF5r的精度、减少N_2O间接排放估算的误差.本研究的N_2O间接排放通量与水中NO-3-N浓度正相关,反硝化是N_2O的主要产生过程.雨季中较强的降雨(如连续降雨日内降雨 9 mm)可促进溪流中NO-3-N浓度在雨后短期内急剧升高,进而激发水中N_2O间接排放通量的明显增加.     

江西信江盆地红层及其地貌发育研究

江西信江盆地丹霞地貌的成景地层为晚白垩系陆相红色碎屑岩,红层的厚度、岩石学和地球化学特征及其在盆地内出露制约着丹霞地貌的发育、景观类型及其组合以及在盆地内的分布.信江盆地边缘主要出露茅店组、河口组和莲荷组巨厚层砾岩、含砾砂岩和砂岩,以铁质胶结和少量钙质胶结为主,可溶性成分含量低,这些红层以发育高大的顶斜型峰林型、峰丛型丹霞地貌组合为特征.盆地中部的河口组上部和塘边组地层含砾砂岩和砂岩为主,以钙质胶结为主,可溶性成分含量较低,常发育低矮的圆丘状丹霞地貌组合为特征,大型岩洞是其典型的景观类型.过渡地带主要为河口组上部、塘边组和莲荷组下部的砂岩、含砾砂岩,丹霞地貌只发育于断层或河流发育地区,以顶平型丹霞地貌组合为特征.以钙泥质胶结为主,可溶性成分含量高的细碎屑岩中一般不发育丹霞地貌.     

湘江源头某河段水体重金属污染特征与健康风险评价

为探究湘江源头某河段水体重金属分布特征并探讨其对沿岸居民健康的影响,在丰水期、枯水期以及平水期对该河段13个地表水样品中的5种重金属（As、Cu、Pb、Zn、和Cd）进行监测,通过内梅罗综合污染指数法、健康风险评价模型评价了该河段水体中5种重金属的污染现状、分布特征和可能产生的健康风险。结果表明,该河段水体中重金属浓度表现为Zn>As>Pb>Cd>Cu,污染程度为平水期≈枯水期>丰水期,且上游≈中游>下游。内梅罗综合污染指数法评价结果表明,该河段水体86.1%的采样点全年处于重度污染状态。健康风险评价结果表明,该河段地表水体中重金属引起的环境健康风险主要来自于As、Cd,二者浓度表现为上游>中游>下游,枯水期>平水期>丰水期,且儿童所面临的健康风险约为成人的2.1倍。     

不同水源补给情形的溪流沟渠沉积物磷形态及释放风险分析

2015年5~12月,在合肥地区3条分别以城市污水厂尾水、食品加工废水和农业排水-地下水渗流为主要补给水源的溪流沟渠上,按季节采集表层沉积物样,分析沉积物磷赋存形态;通过磷吸附指数(PSI)、磷吸附饱和度(DPS)和磷释放风险指数(ERI)计算,评估溪流沟渠沉积物的磷潜在释放风险,并以非参数检验方法,对3条溪流沟渠开展差异性分析.结果表明:1关镇河支渠和陶冲小溪流水体磷素污染严重,3条溪流沟渠磷污染程度排序为:关镇河支渠陶冲小溪流磨店小溪流,其中关镇河支渠沉积物TP平均含量为1 376.95 mg·kg-1,分别是磨店小溪流和陶冲小溪流的2.94和1.91倍;2 3条溪流沟渠沉积物中各形态磷含量差异显著,且在含量高低排序方面存在一定差异性;3 3条溪流沉积物的PSI值季节性变化特征明显,而且每条溪流沟渠所有采样点变化规律基本一致,即总体上都表现出秋季最高,冬季次之,春、夏季基本相当且相对最低的变化特征;4由PSI、DPS及ERI评估得到的磷释放风险特征基本一致,相应的磷释放风险高低排序为:关镇河支渠陶冲小溪流磨店小溪流;5差异性分析表明,3条溪流沟渠几乎在所有指标上存在显著的差异性.     

双碱法旋流板塔烟气脱硫工艺

以旋流板塔为脱硫塔,对Ｎａ２ＣＯ３－Ｃａ（ＯＨ）２双碱法烟气脱碱工艺进行了实验研究,对影响充率的主要因素进行考察,如再生液ＰＨ值,溶液中Ｎａ＾２＋浓度、ＳＯ＾２－４浓度,液气比及气体中ＳＯ２初始浓度等。结果表明,选择以下工艺条件较为适宜：ＰＨ０＝７－８,Ｌ／Ｇ＝２－３Ｌ／同海高度     

Effects of Drainage‐Basin Geomorphology on Insectivorous Bird Abundance in Temperate Forests

Abstract: Interfaces between terrestrial and stream ecosystems often enhance species diversity and population abundance of ecological communities beyond levels that would be expected separately from both the ecosystems. Nevertheless, no study has examined how stream configuration within a watershed influences the population of terrestrial predators at the drainage‐basin scale. We examined the habitat and abundance relationships of forest insectivorous birds in eight drainage basins in a cool temperate forest of Japan during spring and summer. Each basin has different drainage‐basin geomorphology, such as the density and frequency of stream channels. In spring, when terrestrial arthropod prey biomass is limited, insectivorous birds aggregated in habitats closer to streams, where emerging aquatic prey was abundant. Nevertheless, birds ceased to aggregate around streams in summer because terrestrial prey became plentiful. Watershed‐scale analyses showed that drainage basins with longer stream channels per unit area sustained higher densities of insectivorous birds. Moreover, such effects of streams on birds continued from spring through summer, even though birds dispersed out of riparian areas in the summer. Although our data are from only a single year, our findings imply that physical modifications of stream channels may reduce populations of forest birds; thus, they emphasize the importance of landscape‐based management approaches that consider both stream and forest ecosystems for watershed biodiversity conservation.