The undermining effect revisited: The salience of everyday verbal rewards and self‐determined motivation

Self‐determination theory suggests that some rewards can undermine autonomous motivation and related positive outcomes. Key to this undermining is the extent to which rewards are perceived as salient in a given situation; when this is the case, individuals tend to attribute their behavior to the incentive, and the intrinsic value of the task is undermined. The role of salience has yet to be explicitly tested with respect to work motivation; we know little about whether undermining occurs in relation to verbal rewards, which characterize everyday work. We examine this in a field‐based quantitative diary study of 58 employees reporting 287 critical incidents of motivated behavior. When considering simple direct effects, the undermining effect was not supported; highly salient verbal rewards associated positively with introjected and external motivation, but at no cost to autonomous motivation. However, moderator analysis found support for the undermining effect for complex tasks; highly salient verbal rewards associated positively with external motivation while associating negatively with intrinsic and identified motivation. The findings suggest that verbal reward salience is an important characteristic of verbal reward perceptions and that salient verbal rewards are not advisable for more complex tasks but can have a valuable motivational impact for simple tasks. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Assumptions beyond the science: encouraging cautious conclusions about functional magnetic resonance imaging research on organizational behavior

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is likely to become the major tool for studying the neural underpinnings of organizational behavior. It is a technique for brain imaging that, according to advocates, provides information about which areas of the brain are activated during organizational processes (e.g., leadership and decision‐making). In this article, we take a critical look at this tool from a technical perspective. In particular, we take the reader through the assumptions that must be made at the three main steps of the research process (study design, data capture, and interpretation of results) in order to draw conclusions about organizational phenomena from fMRI research. Applying this analysis to three case studies demonstrates the gap between what fMRI can actually tell us and the claims often made about the contribution of fMRI to understanding and improving organizational behavior. Our discussion provides researchers with a series of recommendations oriented toward optimizing the use of fMRI to help it live up to its potential in the field of organizational behavior and consumers with a means of evaluating fMRI research in order to draw appropriate and warranted conclusions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄河三角洲新生湿地土壤碳氮磷分布及其生态化学计量学意义

河口湿地是连接陆地生态系统和海洋生态系统的纽带。土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)元素是湿地生态系统营养水平的重要指示物,显著影响湿地生态系统的生产力。本文研究了黄河三角洲新生湿地不同植被下土壤C、N、P的分布特征和生态化学计量特征。结果表明,1)黄河三角洲新生湿地C、N、P含量分别为1.2~8.4、0.2~0.8、0.4~0.6g/kg,平均值分别为3.5、0.4、0.5g/kg;土壤表层的C、N、P含量显著高于亚表层。2)黄河三角洲新生湿地C/N、C/P、N/P比值分别为4.62~12.67、2.02~16.39、0.22~1.53,平均值分别为8.77、6.81、0.77。土壤C/N、C/P、N/P比值随土壤剖面深度向下递减,不同植被土壤之间的C/N、C/P、N/P比值有所不同。土壤生态化学计量比值显示黄河三角洲新生湿地土壤有机质分解快,氮的矿化度高。因此,提高该地区土壤有机质的归还,同时适当增加氮肥使用成为湿地生态恢复的优先选项。     

光化学污染科学及发展现状研究

对光化学污染研究及其发展进行了综述,概括了光化学污染研究的主要方法,即实验室研究、模式计算和现场监测分析等方法.介绍了欧美国家和中国在烟雾箱研究方面的发展情况,提出了控制自由基源以及痕量气体的检测方式有待提高等问题.阐述了光化学污染模式计算的发展现状和未来发展趋势以及在模式运用中影响模式计算准确性的主要因素.还介绍了国内外光化学污染监测发展历程和现状,并根据目前自动监测发展水平探讨了光化学烟雾监测因子及作用,最后提出加强光化烟雾研究具体建议和研究方向.     

西安市大气环境质量评价及变化趋势预测

选用SO2、NO2、PM10作为评价因子,采用时间序列的方法对西安市2009年-2014年大气环境质量进行分析评价.结果表明:2009年-2012年西安市空气质量达到了国家二级标准,SO2和NO2的年平均含量下降,2013年都略有上升,但总体上呈下降趋势,而颗粒物的年平均含量呈上升趋势且为影响该市空气质量的主要污染物,主要污染时间为1季度和4季度;利用GM(1,1)模型,预测2015年空气质量变化趋势,提出2015年应该采取措施降低颗粒物的含量,提高本市空气质量.     

基于全隧道方案的渤海海峡跨海通道工程环境影响研究

渤海海峡跨海通道是疏通中国干线交通网战略布局中的咽喉工程,因工程规模浩大,其环境影响广泛而深远.简要回顾了工程建设方案的筛选进程及“深埋式全隧道”方案的环境优势;建议工程环境影响评价采用“协作型”环境影响评价模式,以合作和协调克服各方之间的分歧和矛盾;初步探讨了工程前期调研的主要内容;识别分析了通道工程对近岸海域、出入口城市的主要环境影响.结果表明:与其他方案相比,深埋式全隧道方案对自然人文景观、海洋生态环境、海洋资源开发利用等的影响是最小的,并提出了消除或减缓不良环境影响的对策措施,为通道工程的立项决策提供科学依据.     

江苏省电镀污泥产生现状及预测分析

分析了江苏省及各省辖市电镀污泥产生现状,并对电镀污泥产量进行了预测。通过调研分析发现江苏省电镀污泥产生情况呈现地区分布不均、产生规模小和行业集中的特点。利用灰色模型对全省及重点地区产生量进行预测发现,全省未来6年电镀污泥产生量增长率为8.32%,到2020年将达到23.94万t,低于2014年江苏省电镀污泥核准处置量39.92万t。     

高炉炉顶煤气中HCl气体脱除的试验研究

高炉炉顶煤气中HCl气体会加速TRT叶片和煤气管道腐蚀。脱除高炉炉顶煤气中HCl气体可以采用石灰石、轻烧石灰石、Na_2CO_3和KOH作为脱氯剂的活性组分,脱氯剂粒度控制为3~6 mm、脱氯剂料层厚度控制为200 mm以上并适当提高煤气温度来改善高炉煤气中HCl气体的脱除过程。     

鄱阳湖沉积物有机磷形态及对水位变化响应

选取鄱阳湖枯水期不同高程出露表层沉积物,通过研究有机磷含量及形态差异,试图揭示江湖关系变化引起的水位下降对鄱阳湖沉积物有机磷潜在释放风险的影响.结果表明:1鄱阳湖枯水期表层沉积物有机磷含量(115.2~448.3 mg·kg-1)占总磷的19.3%~45.1%,有机磷含量空间分布呈"五河"入湖尾闾区高于湖心区和北部湖区.2鄱阳湖表层沉积物各形态有机磷含量大小顺序为:残渣态有机磷盐酸提取有机磷胡敏酸有机磷碳酸氢钠提取有机磷富里酸有机磷.3水位下降引起的沉积物出露时间延长是引起鄱阳湖不同高程沉积物有机磷形态变化的重要原因.沉积物出露时间越长,碳酸氢钠提取有机磷、盐酸提取有机磷与富里酸有机磷的含量越低,而胡敏酸有机磷和残渣态有机磷含量越高.同时,水位下降引起的沉积物出露时间延长致使活性有机磷和中活性有机磷占总有机磷比例下降,而非活性有机磷占总有机磷比例增加,反映了沉积物出露时间延长可能会促进有机磷形态由活性向非活性转化,在一定程度上能够降低沉积物有机磷的潜在性风险.     

太湖西岸水体污染物时空分布及解析

采用聚类分析、主成分分析及相关分析方法解析2015年太湖西岸入湖河流水质污染的时空分布特征及影响该区域水质的主要驱动因子。研究结果表明:时间上按污染程度将全年聚类为时段I(12月、1—3月)、时段II(11月、4—5月)和时段III(6—10月)3类;根据11项水质指标主成分分析提取3个主成分,可以解释75.49%的结果;时段I、时段II和时段III水质污染状况依次降低,空间上总体呈现出太湖西岸北部向南部递减的趋势;NH3-N、TN、Chl-a和SD是影响该水域水质的主要驱动因子。